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A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research

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  1. Jaggi, Vikas & Jayanti, S., 2013. "A conceptual model of a high-efficiency, stand-alone power unit based on a fuel cell stack with an integrated auto-thermal ethanol reformer," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 295-303.
  2. Yu, Wei & Tao, Jiabo & Yu, Xinhai & Zhao, Shuangliang & Tu, Shan-Tung & Liu, Honglai, 2017. "A microreactor with superhydrophobic Pt–Al2O3 catalyst coating concerning oxidation of hydrogen off-gas from fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1233-1244.
  3. Stoševski, Ivan & Krstić, Jelena & Milikić, Jadranka & Šljukić, Biljana & Kačarević-Popović, Zorica & Mentus, Slavko & Miljanić, Šćepan, 2016. "Radiolitically synthesized nano Ag/C catalysts for oxygen reduction and borohydride oxidation reactions in alkaline media, for potential applications in fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 79-90.
  4. Zuliani, Nicola & Taccani, Rodolfo, 2012. "Microcogeneration system based on HTPEM fuel cell fueled with natural gas: Performance analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 802-808.
  5. Sutharssan, Thamo & Montalvao, Diogo & Chen, Yong Kang & Wang, Wen-Chung & Pisac, Claudia & Elemara, Hakim, 2017. "A review on prognostics and health monitoring of proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 440-450.
  6. Wu, Horng-Wen & Ku, Hui-Wen, 2011. "The optimal parameters estimation for rectangular cylinders installed transversely in the flow channel of PEMFC from a three-dimensional PEMFC model and the Taguchi method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 4879-4890.
  7. Yang, Yange & Zhou, Xiangyang & Li, Bing & Zhang, Cunman, 2021. "Failure of cathode gas diffusion layer in 1 kW fuel cell stack under new European driving cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
  8. Yang, Puqing & Zhang, Houcheng, 2015. "Parametric analysis of an irreversible proton exchange membrane fuel cell/absorption refrigerator hybrid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 458-467.
  9. Dagang Lu & Fengyan Yi & Jianwei Li, 2022. "Optimization of the Adaptability of the Fuel Cell Vehicle Waste Heat Utilization Subsystem to Extreme Cold Environments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-19, September.
  10. Jouin, Marine & Bressel, Mathieu & Morando, Simon & Gouriveau, Rafael & Hissel, Daniel & Péra, Marie-Cécile & Zerhouni, Noureddine & Jemei, Samir & Hilairet, Mickael & Ould Bouamama, Belkacem, 2016. "Estimating the end-of-life of PEM fuel cells: Guidelines and metrics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 87-97.
  11. Chen, Wen-Lih & Huang, Chao-Wei & Li, Yueh-Heng & Kao, Chien-Chun & Cong, Huynh Thanh, 2020. "Biosyngas-fueled platinum reactor applied in micro combined heat and power system with a thermophotovoltaic array and stirling engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
  12. Wang, Yang & Luo, Hui & Li, Guang & Jiang, Jianming, 2016. "Highly active platinum electrocatalyst towards oxygen reduction reaction in renewable energy generations of proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 59-66.
  13. Ismail, M.S. & Ingham, D.B. & Hughes, K.J. & Ma, L. & Pourkashanian, M., 2013. "Thermal modelling of the cathode in air-breathing PEM fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 529-537.
  14. Zhou, Zihan & Qiu, Diankai & Zhai, Shuang & Peng, Linfa & Lai, Xinmin, 2020. "Investigation of the assembly for high-power proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks through an efficient equivalent model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
  15. Mo, Jingke & Kang, Zhenye & Yang, Gaoqiang & Retterer, Scott T. & Cullen, David A. & Toops, Todd J. & Green, Johney B. & Zhang, Feng-Yuan, 2016. "Thin liquid/gas diffusion layers for high-efficiency hydrogen production from water splitting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 817-822.
  16. Peng, Fei & Zhao, Yuanzhe & Chen, Ting & Zhang, Xuexia & Chen, Weirong & Zhou, Donghua & Li, Qi, 2018. "Development of robust suboptimal real-time power sharing strategy for modern fuel cell based hybrid tramways considering operational uncertainties and performance degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 503-521.
  17. Wang, Yujie & Sun, Zhendong & Li, Xiyun & Yang, Xiaoyu & Chen, Zonghai, 2019. "A comparative study of power allocation strategies used in fuel cell and ultracapacitor hybrid systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
  18. Zuria, Alonso Moreno & Abrego-Martinez, Juan Carlos & Sun, Shuhui & Mohamedi, Mohamed, 2020. "Prospects of membraneless mixed-reactant microfluidic fuel cells: Evolution through numerical simulation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
  19. Xu, Jiamin & Zhang, Caizhi & Wan, Zhongmin & Chen, Xi & Chan, Siew Hwa & Tu, Zhengkai, 2022. "Progress and perspectives of integrated thermal management systems in PEM fuel cell vehicles: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
  20. Samir De, Biswajit & Cunningham, Joshua & Khare, Neeraj & Luo, Jing-Li & Elias, Anastasia & Basu, Suddhasatwa, 2022. "Hydrogen generation and utilization in a two-phase flow membraneless microfluidic electrolyzer-fuel cell tandem operation for micropower application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
  21. Gozde Ustuner & Yue Hung & Devinder Mahajan, 2024. "Investigation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance by Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Reaction Parameters via Power Curve and Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-14, May.
  22. Maximilian Schmitz & Matthias Bahr & Sönke Gößling & Stefan Pischinger, 2023. "Analysis of Ice Formation during Start-Up of PEM Fuel Cells at Subzero Temperatures Using Experimental and Simulative Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-26, September.
  23. Zhang, Hao & Xuan, Jin & Xu, Hong & Leung, Michael K.H. & Leung, Dennis Y.C. & Zhang, Li & Wang, Huizhi & Wang, Lei, 2013. "Enabling high-concentrated fuel operation of fuel cells with microfluidic principles: A feasibility study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1131-1137.
  24. Bruni, G. & Cordiner, S. & Mulone, V. & Sinisi, V. & Spagnolo, F., 2016. "Energy management in a domestic microgrid by means of model predictive controllers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 119-131.
  25. Xu, Jiawei & Wu, Yuhua & Xiao, Shengying & Wang, Yifei & Xu, Xinhai, 2023. "Synergic effect investigation of carbon monoxide and other compositions on the high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 669-680.
  26. Sadeghi, Mohammad Amin & Khan, Zohaib Atiq & Agnaou, Mehrez & Hu, Leiming & Litster, Shawn & Kongkanand, Anusorn & Padgett, Elliot & Muller, David A. & Friscic, Tomislav & Gostick, Jeff, 2024. "Predicting PEMFC performance from a volumetric image of catalyst layer structure using pore network modeling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
  27. Sánchez-Monreal, Juan & García-Salaberri, Pablo A. & Vera, Marcos, 2019. "A mathematical model for direct ethanol fuel cells based on detailed ethanol electro-oxidation kinetics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
  28. Julian Büsselmann & Maren Rastedt & Tomas Klicpera & Karsten Reinwald & Henrike Schmies & Alexander Dyck & Peter Wagner, 2020. "Analysis of HT-PEM MEAs’ Long-Term Stabilities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-16, January.
  29. Asadi, Mohammad Reza & Ghasabehi, Mehrdad & Ghanbari, Sina & Shams, Mehrzad, 2024. "The optimization of an innovative interdigitated flow field proton exchange membrane fuel cell by using artificial intelligence," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
  30. Jaehyeon Choi & Jaebong Sim & Hwanyeong Oh & Kyoungdoug Min, 2021. "Resistance Separation of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell by Polarization Curve and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-17, March.
  31. Asensio, F.J. & San Martín, J.I. & Zamora, I. & Oñederra, O., 2018. "Model for optimal management of the cooling system of a fuel cell-based combined heat and power system for developing optimization control strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 413-430.
  32. Yuan, Wei & Tang, Yong & Yang, Xiaojun & Wan, Zhenping, 2012. "Porous metal materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 309-329.
  33. Ashrafi, Moosa & Shams, Mehrzad, 2017. "The effects of flow-field orientation on water management in PEM fuel cells with serpentine channels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 1083-1096.
  34. Peng, Fei & Zhao, Yuanzhe & Li, Xiaopeng & Liu, Zhixiang & Chen, Weirong & Liu, Yang & Zhou, Donghua, 2017. "Development of master-slave energy management strategy based on fuzzy logic hysteresis state machine and differential power processing compensation for a PEMFC-LIB-SC hybrid tramway," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 346-363.
  35. Chen Li & Ashanti M. Sallee & Xiaoyu Zhang & Sandeep Kumar, 2018. "Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Acetone to Produce Isopropanol Using a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Reactor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-17, October.
  36. Maghanki, Maryam Mohammadi & Ghobadian, Barat & Najafi, Gholamhassan & Galogah, Reza Janzadeh, 2013. "Micro combined heat and power (MCHP) technologies and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 510-524.
  37. Mohammed, Hanin & Al-Othman, Amani & Nancarrow, Paul & Tawalbeh, Muhammad & El Haj Assad, Mamdouh, 2019. "Direct hydrocarbon fuel cells: A promising technology for improving energy efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 207-219.
  38. K. V. S. Bharath & Frede Blaabjerg & Ahteshamul Haque & Mohammed Ali Khan, 2020. "Model-Based Data Driven Approach for Fault Identification in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.
  39. Samanta, Rajib & Mishra, Ranjit & Manna, Biplab Kumar & Barman, Sudip, 2022. "IrO2 modified Crystalline-PdO nanowires based bi-functional electro-catalyst for HOR/HER in acid and base," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 151-160.
  40. Feng, ShengSen & Huang, WenTao & Huang, Zhe & Jian, Qifei, 2022. "Optimization of maximum power density output for proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on a data-driven surrogate model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
  41. Rabbani, Abid & Rokni, Masoud, 2013. "Effect of nitrogen crossover on purging strategy in PEM fuel cell systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 1061-1070.
  42. Alegre, Cinthia & Lozano, Antonio & Manso, Ángel Pérez & Álvarez-Manuel, Laura & Marzo, Florencio Fernández & Barreras, Félix, 2019. "Single cell induced starvation in a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 1176-1189.
  43. Wang, Junye, 2017. "System integration, durability and reliability of fuel cells: Challenges and solutions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 460-479.
  44. Zhang, Xiaoqing & Yang, Jiapei & Ma, Xiao & Zhuge, Weilin & Shuai, Shijin, 2022. "Modelling and analysis on effects of penetration of microporous layer into gas diffusion layer in PEM fuel cells: Focusing on mass transport," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
  45. Laetitia Dubau & Luis Castanheira & Frédéric Maillard & Marian Chatenet & Olivier Lottin & Gaël Maranzana & Jérôme Dillet & Adrien Lamibrac & Jean‐Christophe Perrin & Eddy Moukheiber & Assma ElKaddour, 2014. "A review of PEM fuel cell durability: materials degradation, local heterogeneities of aging and possible mitigation strategies," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(6), pages 540-560, November.
  46. Bizon, N., 2011. "Nonlinear control of fuel cell hybrid power sources: Part II - Current control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(7), pages 2574-2591, July.
  47. Liao, Shuxin & Qiu, Diankai & Yi, Peiyun & Peng, Linfa & Lai, Xinmin, 2022. "Modeling of a novel cathode flow field design with optimized sub-channels to improve drainage for proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
  48. Dutta, Kingshuk & Das, Suparna & Kumar, Piyush & Kundu, Patit Paban, 2014. "Polymer electrolyte membrane with high selectivity ratio for direct methanol fuel cells: A preliminary study based on blends of partially sulfonated polymers polyaniline and PVdF-co-HFP," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 183-191.
  49. Das, Suparna & Kumar, Piyush & Dutta, Kingshuk & Kundu, Patit Paban, 2014. "Partial sulfonation of PVdF-co-HFP: A preliminary study and characterization for application in direct methanol fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 169-177.
  50. Amamou, A. & Kandidayeni, M. & Boulon, L. & Kelouwani, S., 2018. "Real time adaptive efficient cold start strategy for proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 21-30.
  51. Boyacı San, Fatma Gül & İyigün Karadağ, Çiğdem & Okur, Osman & Okumuş, Emin, 2016. "Optimization of the catalyst loading for the direct borohydride fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 214-224.
  52. Jang, Jer-Huan & Yan, Wei-Mon & Chiu, Han-Chieh & Lui, Jun-Yi, 2015. "Dynamic cell performance of kW-grade proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack with dead-ended anode," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 108-114.
  53. Dinesh Kumar Madheswaran & Mohanraj Thangamuthu & Sakthivel Gnanasekaran & Suresh Gopi & Tamilvanan Ayyasamy & Sujit S. Pardeshi, 2023. "Powering the Future: Progress and Hurdles in Developing Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Components to Achieve Department of Energy Goals—A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-24, November.
  54. Jiang, Wei & Zhang, Kai & Huang, Xing & Cai, Zhen & Zheng, Jinjin & Kai, Yue & Zheng, Bailin & Song, Ke, 2024. "Influence of clamping pressure on contact pressure uniformity and electrical output performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
  55. Cheng, Shan-Jen & Miao, Jr-Ming & Wu, Sheng-Ju, 2013. "Use of metamodeling optimal approach promotes the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 161-169.
  56. Yang, Daijun & Lan, Yilin & Chu, Tiankuo & Li, Bing & Ming, Pingwen & Zhang, Cunman & Zhou, Xiangyang, 2022. "Rapid activation of a full-length proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack with a novel intermittent oxygen starvation method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
  57. Kong, Im Mo & Jung, Aeri & Kim, Young Sang & Kim, Min Soo, 2017. "Numerical investigation on double gas diffusion backing layer functionalized on water removal in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 478-487.
  58. Cordiner, S. & Mulone, V. & Giordani, A. & Savino, M. & Tomarchio, G. & Malkow, T. & Tsotridis, G. & Pilenga, A. & Karlsen, M.L. & Jensen, J., 2017. "Fuel cell based Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for off-grid telecom stations: Data analysis from on field demonstration tests," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 508-518.
  59. Sharjeel Ashraf Ansari & Mustafa Khalid & Khurram Kamal & Tahir Abdul Hussain Ratlamwala & Ghulam Hussain & Mohammed Alkahtani, 2021. "Modeling and Simulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Alongside a Waste Heat Recovery System Based on the Organic Rankine Cycle in MATLAB/SIMULINK Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-21, January.
  60. Vasile, Nicolò S. & Doherty, Ronan & Monteverde Videla, Alessandro H.A. & Specchia, Stefania, 2016. "3D multi-physics modeling of a gas diffusion electrode for oxygen reduction reaction for electrochemical energy conversion in PEM fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 435-450.
  61. Hauptmeier, Karl & Penkuhn, Mathias & Tsatsaronis, George, 2016. "Economic assessment of a solid oxide fuel cell system for biogas utilization in sewage plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(P2), pages 361-368.
  62. Pandu Ranga Tirumalasetti & Fang-Bor Weng & Mangaliso Menzi Dlamini & Chia-Hung Chen, 2024. "Numerical Simulation of Double Layered Wire Mesh Integration on the Cathode for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-15, January.
  63. Saverio Latorrata & Paola Gallo Stampino & Cinzia Cristiani & Giovanni Dotelli, 2017. "Performance Evaluation and Durability Enhancement of FEP-Based Gas Diffusion Media for PEM Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-17, December.
  64. Yang, Weiguang & Guo, Hui & Niu, Fuquan & Wang, Bingjie & Huang, Bin & Niu, Sirui & Liu, Jianli & Yang, Shuting & Yang, Yange, 2023. "A novel strategy for accelerating degradation of proton exchange membranes in fuel cell," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 38-46.
  65. Yin, Cong & Gao, Yan & Li, Ting & Xie, Guangyou & Li, Kai & Tang, Hao, 2020. "Study of internal multi-parameter distributions of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with segmented cell device and coupled three-dimensional model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 650-662.
  66. Kong, Im Mo & Jung, Aeri & Kim, Beom Jun & Baik, Kyung Don & Kim, Min Soo, 2015. "Experimental study on the start-up with dry gases from normal cell temperatures in self-humidified proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 57-66.
  67. Luka Mihanović & Željko Penga & Lei Xing & Viktor Hacker, 2021. "Combining Baffles and Secondary Porous Layers for Performance Enhancement of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-28, June.
  68. Bizon, Nicu, 2012. "Energy efficiency of multiport power converters used in plug-in/V2G fuel cell vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 431-443.
  69. Xuan, Jin & Leung, Michael K.H. & Leung, Dennis Y.C. & Wang, Huizhi, 2012. "Towards orientation-independent performance of membraneless microfluidic fuel cell: Understanding the gravity effects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 80-86.
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  71. Zheng Huang & Laisuo Su & Yunjie Yang & Linsong Gao & Xinyu Liu & Heng Huang & Yubai Li & Yongchen Song, 2023. "Three-Dimensional Simulation on the Effects of Different Parameters and Pt Loading on the Long-Term Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-22, February.
  72. Guida, D. & Minutillo, M., 2017. "Design methodology for a PEM fuel cell power system in a more electrical aircraft," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 446-456.
  73. Li, Yubai & Zhou, Zhifu & Liu, Xianglei & Wu, Wei-Tao, 2019. "Modeling of PEM fuel cell with thin MEA under low humidity operating condition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 1513-1527.
  74. Wei, Max & Smith, Sarah J. & Sohn, Michael D., 2017. "Experience curve development and cost reduction disaggregation for fuel cell markets in Japan and the US," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 346-357.
  75. Vasallo, Manuel Jesús & Bravo, José Manuel & Andújar, José Manuel, 2013. "Optimal sizing for UPS systems based on batteries and/or fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 170-181.
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  77. Hou, Yuze & Deng, Hao & Pan, Fengwen & Chen, Wenmiao & Du, Qing & Jiao, Kui, 2019. "Pore-scale investigation of catalyst layer ingredient and structure effect in proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
  78. Viorel Ionescu & Adriana Elena Balan & Alexandra Maria Isabel Trefilov & Ioan Stamatin, 2021. "Exergetic Performance of a PEM Fuel Cell with Laser-Induced Graphene as the Microporous Layer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-18, September.
  79. Lin, Jui-Yen & Shih, Yu-Jen & Chen, Po-Yen & Huang, Yao-Hui, 2016. "Precipitation recovery of boron from aqueous solution by chemical oxo-precipitation at room temperature," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1052-1058.
  80. Edwin R. Grijalva & José María López Martínez & M. Nuria Flores & Víctor Del Pozo, 2018. "Design and Simulation of a Powertrain System for a Fuel Cell Extended Range Electric Golf Car," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-30, July.
  81. Oh, Song-yul & Kikuchi, Takuya & Kawamura, Go & Muto, Hiroyuki & Matsuda, Atsunori, 2013. "Proton conductive composite electrolytes in the KH2PO4–H3PW12O40 system for H2/O2 fuel cell operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1108-1114.
  82. Logan Battrell & Aubree Trunkle & Erica Eggleton & Lifeng Zhang & Ryan Anderson, 2017. "Quantifying Cathode Water Transport via Anode Relative Humidity Measurements in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-16, August.
  83. Wan, Zhongmin & Liu, Jing & Luo, Zhiping & Tu, Zhengkai & Liu, Zhichun & Liu, Wei, 2013. "Evaluation of self-water-removal in a dead-ended proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 751-757.
  84. Kang, Sanggyu, 2015. "Quasi-three dimensional dynamic modeling of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with consideration of two-phase water transport through a gas diffusion layer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P2), pages 1388-1400.
  85. Wang, Yujie & Sun, Zhendong & Chen, Zonghai, 2019. "Energy management strategy for battery/supercapacitor/fuel cell hybrid source vehicles based on finite state machine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
  86. Xing, Shuang & Zhao, Chen & Zou, Jiexin & Zaman, Shahid & Yu, Yang & Gong, Hongwei & Wang, Yajun & Chen, Ming & Wang, Min & Lin, Meng & Wang, Haijiang, 2022. "Recent advances in heat and water management of forced-convection open-cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
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  88. Wang, Junye, 2015. "Theory and practice of flow field designs for fuel cell scaling-up: A critical review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 640-663.
  89. Haiyu Gao & Tong Zhang & Huicui Chen & Zhiguo Zhao & Ke Song, 2018. "Application of the X-in-the-Loop Testing Method in the FCV Hybrid Degree Test," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-14, February.
  90. Pei, Pucheng & Wu, Ziyao & Li, Yuehua & Jia, Xiaoning & Chen, Dongfang & Huang, Shangwei, 2018. "Improved methods to measure hydrogen crossover current in proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 338-347.
  91. Zhu, Li & Chen, Junghui, 2018. "Prognostics of PEM fuel cells based on Gaussian process state space models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 63-73.
  92. Jun Shen & Zhichun Liu & Fan Liu & Wei Liu, 2018. "Numerical Simulation of Water Transport in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Flow Channel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-23, July.
  93. Qiu, Diankai & Janßen, Holger & Peng, Linfa & Irmscher, Philipp & Lai, Xinmin & Lehnert, Werner, 2018. "Electrical resistance and microstructure of typical gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cell under compression," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 127-137.
  94. Iranzo, Alfredo & Boillat, Pierre, 2018. "CFD simulation of the transient gas transport in a PEM fuel cell cathode during AC impedance testing considering liquid water effects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 449-457.
  95. Ye, Lingfeng & Qiu, Diankai & Peng, Linfa & Lai, Xinmin, 2022. "Microstructures and electrical conductivity properties of compressed gas diffusion layers using X-ray tomography," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
  96. Nandan, Ravi & Goswami, Gopal Krishna & Nanda, Karuna Kar, 2017. "Direct synthesis of Pt-free catalyst on gas diffusion layer of fuel cell and usage of high boiling point fuels for efficient utilization of waste heat," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 1050-1058.
  97. Li, Qifeng & Sun, Kai & Suo, Mengshan & Zeng, Zhen & Guan, Chengshuo & Liu, Huaiyu & Che, Zhizhao & Wang, Tianyou, 2024. "Water transport in PEMFC with metal foam flow fields: Visualization based on AI image recognition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
  98. Calabriso, Andrea & Borello, Domenico & Romano, Giovanni Paolo & Cedola, Luca & Del Zotto, Luca & Santori, Simone Giovanni, 2017. "Bubbly flow mapping in the anode channel of a direct methanol fuel cell via PIV investigation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1245-1255.
  99. Wood, Thomas K. & Gurgan, Ilke & Howley, Ethan T. & Riedel-Kruse, Ingmar H., 2023. "Converting methane into electricity and higher-value chemicals at scale via anaerobic microbial fuel cells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
  100. Suárez, Christian & Toharias, Baltasar & Salva Aguirre, María & Chesalkin, Artem & Rosa, Felipe & Iranzo, Alfredo, 2023. "Experimental dynamic load cycling and current density measurements of different inlet/outlet configurations of a parallel-serpentine PEMFC," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
  101. Liu, Ze & Zhang, Baitao & Xu, Sichuan, 2022. "Research on air mass flow-pressure combined control and dynamic performance of fuel cell system for vehicles application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
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