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A review on proton exchange membrane multi-stack fuel cell systems: architecture, performance, and power management

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Listed:
  • Zhou, Su
  • Fan, Lei
  • Zhang, Gang
  • Gao, Jianhua
  • Lu, Yanda
  • Zhao, Peng
  • Wen, Chaokai
  • Shi, Lin
  • Hu, Zhe

Abstract

To achieve carbon emission reduction and energy structure upgrading, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) multi-stack fuel cell system (MFCS) is an option to meet high-power demands in application scenarios. However, several barriers of the PEM MFCS have not been solved. This paper is aimed to summarize existing information and propose future R&D potentials. Firstly, detailed R&D activities and advances related to PEM MFCSs are reviewed including applications and design principle, architectures (fluidic, electrical, and thermal), power management strategy (PMS), water and thermal management, degraded mode operation, lifetime, efficiency, and hydrogen consumption. Among them, applications and design principle include application scenarios and influencing factors. Moreover, the architecture determination for MFCSs is the core issue, directly affecting the PMS, water and thermal management, degraded mode operation, lifetime, efficiency, and hydrogen consumption. It is noted that a MFCS is better than a single fuel cell system (SFCS) in fields of the lifetime, efficiency, and hydrogen consumption. Furthermore, the synergy between internal combustion engines (ICEs) and MFCSs is proposed to be applied for the MFCS R&D. Secondly, scientific challenges and prospects are presented, including effects of the load power-sharing on the lifetime and efficiency, comparisons of the performance, efficiency and lifetime, and control issues. Finally, the difference of several aspects is discussed, including the architecture, redundancy, lifetime, and PMS between a PEM MFCS and a PEM SFCS.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhou, Su & Fan, Lei & Zhang, Gang & Gao, Jianhua & Lu, Yanda & Zhao, Peng & Wen, Chaokai & Shi, Lin & Hu, Zhe, 2022. "A review on proton exchange membrane multi-stack fuel cell systems: architecture, performance, and power management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:310:y:2022:i:c:s0306261922000411
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118555
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    4. Zuo, Jian & Cadet, Catherine & Li, Zhongliang & Bérenguer, Christophe & Outbib, Rachid, 2024. "A deterioration-aware energy management strategy for the lifetime improvement of a multi-stack fuel cell system subject to a random dynamic load," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    5. Pei, Houchang & Xiao, Chenguang & Tu, Zhengkai, 2022. "Experimental study on liquid water formation characteristics in a novel transparent proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    6. Hao, Xinyang & Salhi, Issam & Laghrouche, Salah & Ait Amirat, Youcef & Djerdir, Abdesslem, 2023. "Multiple inputs multi-phase interleaved boost converter for fuel cell systems applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 521-531.
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