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District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements

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  1. Tulus, Victor & Abokersh, Mohamed Hany & Cabeza, Luisa F. & Vallès, Manel & Jiménez, Laureano & Boer, Dieter, 2019. "Economic and environmental potential for solar assisted central heating plants in the EU residential sector: Contribution to the 2030 climate and energy EU agenda," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 318-339.
  2. Ryszard Zwierzchowski & Marcin Wołowicz, 2020. "Energy and Exergy Analysis of Sensible Thermal Energy Storage—Hot Water Tank for a Large CHP Plant in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-16, September.
  3. Hoicka, Christina E. & MacArthur, Julie L., 2018. "From tip to toes: Mapping community energy models in Canada and New Zealand," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 162-174.
  4. Huang, Yaohui & Zhao, Yuan & Wang, Zhijin & Liu, Xiufeng & Liu, Hanjing & Fu, Yonggang, 2023. "Explainable district heat load forecasting with active deep learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
  5. Nuytten, Thomas & Claessens, Bert & Paredis, Kristof & Van Bael, Johan & Six, Daan, 2013. "Flexibility of a combined heat and power system with thermal energy storage for district heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 583-591.
  6. Zheng, J.H. & Wu, Q.H. & Jing, Z.X., 2017. "Coordinated scheduling strategy to optimize conflicting benefits for daily operation of integrated electricity and gas networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 370-381.
  7. Sayegh, M.A. & Danielewicz, J. & Nannou, T. & Miniewicz, M. & Jadwiszczak, P. & Piekarska, K. & Jouhara, H., 2017. "Trends of European research and development in district heating technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 1183-1192.
  8. Yan, Chengchu & Gang, Wenjie & Niu, Xiaofeng & Peng, Xujian & Wang, Shengwei, 2017. "Quantitative evaluation of the impact of building load characteristics on energy performance of district cooling systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 635-643.
  9. Shabanpour-Haghighi, Amin & Seifi, Ali Reza, 2015. "Multi-objective operation management of a multi-carrier energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 430-442.
  10. An, Jingjing & Yan, Da & Hong, Tianzhen & Sun, Kaiyu, 2017. "A novel stochastic modeling method to simulate cooling loads in residential districts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 134-149.
  11. Persson, U. & Möller, B. & Werner, S., 2014. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying strategic heat synergy regions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 663-681.
  12. Persson, Urban & Wiechers, Eva & Möller, Bernd & Werner, Sven, 2019. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Heat distribution costs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 604-622.
  13. Pereverza, Kateryna & Pasichnyi, Oleksii & Lazarevic, David & Kordas, Olga, 2017. "Strategic planning for sustainable heating in cities: A morphological method for scenario development and selection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P2), pages 115-125.
  14. Gang, Wenjie & Augenbroe, Godfried & Wang, Shengwei & Fan, Cheng & Xiao, Fu, 2016. "An uncertainty-based design optimization method for district cooling systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 516-527.
  15. Broadstock, David C. & Wang, Xiangnan, 2024. "District cooling services: A bibliometric review and topic classification of existing research," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 190(PB).
  16. David Huber & Viktoria Illyés & Veronika Turewicz & Gregor Götzl & Andreas Hammer & Karl Ponweiser, 2021. "Novel District Heating Systems: Methods and Simulation Results," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-23, July.
  17. Hoofar Hemmatabady & Julian Formhals & Bastian Welsch & Daniel Otto Schulte & Ingo Sass, 2020. "Optimized Layouts of Borehole Thermal Energy Storage Systems in 4th Generation Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-26, August.
  18. Fabien Marty & Sylvain Serra & Sabine Sochard & Jean-Michel Reneaume, 2019. "Exergy Analysis and Optimization of a Combined Heat and Power Geothermal Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-22, March.
  19. Aunedi, Marko & Pantaleo, Antonio Marco & Kuriyan, Kamal & Strbac, Goran & Shah, Nilay, 2020. "Modelling of national and local interactions between heat and electricity networks in low-carbon energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
  20. Henchoz, Samuel & Chatelan, Patrick & Maréchal, François & Favrat, Daniel, 2016. "Key energy and technological aspects of three innovative concepts of district energy networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(P2), pages 465-477.
  21. Kiraly, Annamaria & Pahor, Bojan & Kravanja, Zdravko, 2013. "Achieving energy self-sufficiency by integrating renewables into companies' supply networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 46-57.
  22. Østergaard, Dorte Skaarup & Smith, Kevin Michael & Tunzi, Michele & Svendsen, Svend, 2022. "Low-temperature operation of heating systems to enable 4th generation district heating: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
  23. Zhang, Chenghu & Li, Yaping, 2018. "Thermodynamic performance of cycle combined large temperature drop heat exchange process:Theoretical models and advanced process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 1-18.
  24. Qitong Fu & Zuoxia Xing & Chao Zhang & Jian Xu, 2024. "A Review and Prospective Study on Modeling Approaches and Applications of Virtual Energy Storage in Integrated Electric–Thermal Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-21, August.
  25. Hemmatabady, Hoofar & Welsch, Bastian & Formhals, Julian & Sass, Ingo, 2022. "AI-based enviro-economic optimization of solar-coupled and standalone geothermal systems for heating and cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
  26. Xue, Puning & Jiang, Yi & Zhou, Zhigang & Chen, Xin & Fang, Xiumu & Liu, Jing, 2019. "Multi-step ahead forecasting of heat load in district heating systems using machine learning algorithms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
  27. Yu, Shiwei & Li, Zhenxi & Wei, Yi-Ming & Liu, Lancui, 2019. "A real option model for geothermal heating investment decision making: Considering carbon trading and resource taxes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
  28. Felten, Björn, 2020. "An integrated model of coupled heat and power sectors for large-scale energy system analyses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
  29. Lizana, Jesús & Ortiz, Carlos & Soltero, Víctor M. & Chacartegui, Ricardo, 2017. "District heating systems based on low-carbon energy technologies in Mediterranean areas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 397-416.
  30. Bracco, Stefano & Delfino, Federico, 2017. "A mathematical model for the dynamic simulation of low size cogeneration gas turbines within smart microgrids," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 710-723.
  31. Calise, Francesco & Cipollina, Andrea & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Piacentino, Antonio, 2014. "A novel renewable polygeneration system for a small Mediterranean volcanic island for the combined production of energy and water: Dynamic simulation and economic assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 675-693.
  32. Lowitzsch, J. & Hoicka, C.E. & van Tulder, F.J., 2020. "Renewable energy communities under the 2019 European Clean Energy Package – Governance model for the energy clusters of the future?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
  33. Alessandro Guzzini & Marco Pellegrini & Edoardo Pelliconi & Cesare Saccani, 2020. "Low Temperature District Heating: An Expert Opinion Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-34, February.
  34. Daniilidis, Alexandros & Alpsoy, Betül & Herber, Rien, 2017. "Impact of technical and economic uncertainties on the economic performance of a deep geothermal heat system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 805-816.
  35. Allegrini, Jonas & Orehounig, Kristina & Mavromatidis, Georgios & Ruesch, Florian & Dorer, Viktor & Evins, Ralph, 2015. "A review of modelling approaches and tools for the simulation of district-scale energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1391-1404.
  36. Guo, Xiaodan & Xiao, Bowen, 2022. "How can pricing strategy for district heating help China realize cleaner residential heating?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
  37. Zabala, Laura & Febres, Jesus & Sterling, Raymond & López, Susana & Keane, Marcus, 2020. "Virtual testbed for model predictive control development in district cooling systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
  38. Deng, Na & He, Guansong & Gao, Yuan & Yang, Bin & Zhao, Jun & He, Shunming & Tian, Xue, 2017. "Comparative analysis of optimal operation strategies for district heating and cooling system based on design and actual load," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 577-588.
  39. Ioan Sarbu & Matei Mirza & Daniel Muntean, 2022. "Integration of Renewable Energy Sources into Low-Temperature District Heating Systems: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-28, September.
  40. Buffa, Simone & Cozzini, Marco & D’Antoni, Matteo & Baratieri, Marco & Fedrizzi, Roberto, 2019. "5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 504-522.
  41. Hou, Jin & Xu, Peng & Lu, Xing & Pang, Zhihong & Chu, Yiyi & Huang, Gongsheng, 2018. "Implementation of expansion planning in existing district energy system: A case study in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 269-281.
  42. Hyo-Jin Kim & Seul-Ye Lim & Seung-Hoon Yoo, 2017. "The Convenience Benefits of the District Heating System over Individual Heating Systems in Korean Households," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-12, August.
  43. Shaikh Zishan & Altaf Hossain Molla & Haroon Rashid & Kok Hoe Wong & Ahmad Fazlizan & Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu & Mohd Tariq & Omar Mutab Alsalami & Mahidur R. Sarker, 2023. "Comprehensive Analysis of Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems for Efficient Energy Harnessing from Unnaturally Generated Wind Sources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-18, October.
  44. Xiang, Xiwang & Ma, Minda & Ma, Xin & Chen, Liming & Cai, Weiguang & Feng, Wei & Ma, Zhili, 2022. "Historical decarbonization of global commercial building operations in the 21st century," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
  45. Badami, Marco & Fonti, Antonio & Carpignano, Andrea & Grosso, Daniele, 2018. "Design of district heating networks through an integrated thermo-fluid dynamics and reliability modelling approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 826-838.
  46. Jing, Z.X. & Jiang, X.S. & Wu, Q.H. & Tang, W.H. & Hua, B., 2014. "Modelling and optimal operation of a small-scale integrated energy based district heating and cooling system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 399-415.
  47. Soltero, V.M. & Chacartegui, R. & Ortiz, C. & Velázquez, R., 2016. "Evaluation of the potential of natural gas district heating cogeneration in Spain as a tool for decarbonisation of the economy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P3), pages 1513-1532.
  48. Michael-Allan Millar & Bruce Elrick & Greg Jones & Zhibin Yu & Neil M. Burnside, 2020. "Roadblocks to Low Temperature District Heating," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-21, November.
  49. Ushamah, Hafiz Muhammad & Ahmed, Naveed & Elfeky, K.E. & Mahmood, Mariam & Qaisrani, Mumtaz A. & Waqas, Adeel & Zhang, Qian, 2022. "Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid district heating with borehole thermal storage for various solar collectors and climate zones in Pakistan," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1639-1656.
  50. Badami, Marco & Gerboni, Raffaella & Portoraro, Armando, 2017. "Determination and assessment of indices for the energy performance of district heating with cogeneration plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 697-703.
  51. Pakere, Ieva & Gravelsins, Armands & Lauka, Dace & Bazbauers, Gatis & Blumberga, Dagnija, 2021. "Linking energy efficiency policies toward 4th generation district heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
  52. Picardo, Alberto & Soltero, Victor M. & Peralta, M. Estela & Chacartegui, Ricardo, 2019. "District heating based on biogas from wastewater treatment plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 649-664.
  53. Soheil Kavian & Mohsen Saffari Pour & Ali Hakkaki-Fard, 2019. "Optimized Design of the District Heating System by Considering the Techno-Economic Aspects and Future Weather Projection," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-30, May.
  54. Lim, Seul-Ye & Kim, Hyo-Jin & Yoo, Seung-Hoon, 2016. "The demand function for residential heat through district heating system and its consumption benefits in Korea," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 155-160.
  55. Cao, Sunliang & Hasan, Ala & Sirén, Kai, 2014. "Matching analysis for on-site hybrid renewable energy systems of office buildings with extended indices," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 230-247.
  56. Zhong, Wei & Feng, Hongcui & Wang, Xuguang & Wu, Dingfei & Xue, Minghua & Wang, Jian, 2015. "Online hydraulic calculation and operation optimization of industrial steam heating networks considering heat dissipation in pipes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 566-577.
  57. Yuan, Jianjuan & Zhou, Zhihua & Tang, Huajie & Wang, Chendong & Lu, Shilei & Han, Zhao & Zhang, Ji & Sheng, Ying, 2020. "Identification heat user behavior for improving the accuracy of heating load prediction model based on wireless on-off control system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
  58. Brand, Lisa & Calvén, Alexandra & Englund, Jessica & Landersjö, Henrik & Lauenburg, Patrick, 2014. "Smart district heating networks – A simulation study of prosumers’ impact on technical parameters in distribution networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 39-48.
  59. Somogyi, Viola & Sebestyén, Viktor & Domokos, Endre, 2018. "Assessment of wastewater heat potential for district heating in Hungary," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 712-721.
  60. Antonino D’Amico & Domenico Panno & Giuseppina Ciulla & Antonio Messineo, 2020. "Multi-Energy School System for Seasonal Use in the Mediterranean Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-27, October.
  61. Steffen Nielsen & Kenneth Hansen & Rasmus Lund & Diana Moreno, 2020. "Unconventional Excess Heat Sources for District Heating in a National Energy System Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, September.
  62. Lund, Henrik & Werner, Sven & Wiltshire, Robin & Svendsen, Svend & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Hvelplund, Frede & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2014. "4th Generation District Heating (4GDH)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-11.
  63. Colmenar-Santos, Antonio & Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & Borge-Diez, David & Collado-Fernández, Eduardo, 2016. "Evaluation of the cost of using power plant reject heat in low-temperature district heating and cooling networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 892-907.
  64. Beatriz María Paredes-Sánchez & José Pablo Paredes & Natalia Caparrini & Elena Rivo-López, 2021. "Analysis of District Heating and Cooling Energy Systems in Spain: Resources, Technology and Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-22, May.
  65. Philipp Streit & Andreas P. Weiß & Dominik Stümpfl & Jan Špale & Lasse B. Anderson & Václav Novotný & Michal Kolovratník, 2024. "Concept and Design of a Velocity Compounded Radial Four-Fold Re-Entry Turbine for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-21, March.
  66. Engelken, Maximilian & Römer, Benedikt & Drescher, Marcus & Welpe, Isabell M. & Picot, Arnold, 2016. "Comparing drivers, barriers, and opportunities of business models for renewable energies: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 795-809.
  67. Shaik, Saleem & Yeboah, Osei-Agyeman, 2018. "Does climate influence energy demand? A regional analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 691-703.
  68. AlAjmi, Ali & Abou-Ziyan, Hosny & Ghoneim, Adel, 2016. "Achieving annual and monthly net-zero energy of existing building in hot climate," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 511-521.
  69. Shabanpour-Haghighi, Amin & Seifi, Ali Reza, 2016. "Effects of district heating networks on optimal energy flow of multi-carrier systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 379-387.
  70. Salenbien, R. & Wack, Y. & Baelmans, M. & Blommaert, M., 2023. "Geographically informed automated non-linear topology optimization of district heating networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
  71. Sommer, Tobias & Sulzer, Matthias & Wetter, Michael & Sotnikov, Artem & Mennel, Stefan & Stettler, Christoph, 2020. "The reservoir network: A new network topology for district heating and cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
  72. Zahra Fallahi & Gregor P. Henze, 2019. "Interactive Buildings: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-26, July.
  73. Davine N. G. Janssen & Eunice Pereira Ramos & Vincent Linderhof & Nico Polman & Chrysi Laspidou & Dennis Fokkinga & Duarte de Mesquita e Sousa, 2020. "The Climate, Land, Energy, Water and Food Nexus Challenge in a Land Scarce Country: Innovations in the Netherlands," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-27, December.
  74. F. Marta L. Di Lascio & Andrea Menapace & Maurizio Righetti, 2020. "Joint and conditional dependence modelling of peak district heating demand and outdoor temperature: a copula-based approach," Statistical Methods & Applications, Springer;Società Italiana di Statistica, vol. 29(2), pages 373-395, June.
  75. Xue, Puning & Zhou, Zhigang & Fang, Xiumu & Chen, Xin & Liu, Lin & Liu, Yaowen & Liu, Jing, 2017. "Fault detection and operation optimization in district heating substations based on data mining techniques," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 926-940.
  76. Inayat, Abrar & Raza, Mohsin, 2019. "District cooling system via renewable energy sources: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 360-373.
  77. Gang, Wenjie & Wang, Shengwei & Gao, Diance & Xiao, Fu, 2015. "Performance assessment of district cooling systems for a new development district at planning stage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 33-43.
  78. Sharifi, Ayyoob & Yamagata, Yoshiki, 2016. "Principles and criteria for assessing urban energy resilience: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1654-1677.
  79. Chambers, Jonathan & Narula, Kapil & Sulzer, Matthias & Patel, Martin K., 2019. "Mapping district heating potential under evolving thermal demand scenarios and technologies: A case study for Switzerland," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 682-692.
  80. Fouladvand, Javanshir & Aranguren Rojas, Maria & Hoppe, Thomas & Ghorbani, Amineh, 2022. "Simulating thermal energy community formation: Institutional enablers outplaying technological choice," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
  81. Fritz, M. & Plötz, P. & Schebek, L., 2022. "A technical and economical comparison of excess heat transport technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
  82. Soares, N. & Martins, A.G. & Carvalho, A.L. & Caldeira, C. & Du, C. & Castanheira, É. & Rodrigues, E. & Oliveira, G. & Pereira, G.I. & Bastos, J. & Ferreira, J.P. & Ribeiro, L.A. & Figueiredo, N.C. & , 2018. "The challenging paradigm of interrelated energy systems towards a more sustainable future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 171-193.
  83. Zarin Pass, R. & Wetter, M. & Piette, M.A., 2018. "A thermodynamic analysis of a novel bidirectional district heating and cooling network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 20-30.
  84. Hyo-Jin Kim & Jae-Sung Paek & Seung-Hoon Yoo, 2019. "Price Elasticity of Heat Demand in South Korean Manufacturing Sector: An Empirical Investigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-10, November.
  85. Hansen, Kenneth & Connolly, David & Lund, Henrik & Drysdale, David & Thellufsen, Jakob Zinck, 2016. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying the balance between saving heat and supplying heat," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P3), pages 1663-1671.
  86. Dua’a S. Malkawi & Rabi Ibrahim Rabady & Mosa’b S. Malkawi & Said Jereis Al Rabadi, 2022. "Application of Paraffin-Based Phase Change Materials for the Amelioration of Thermal Energy Storage in Hydronic Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-17, December.
  87. Gebremedhin, Alemayehu, 2014. "Optimal utilisation of heat demand in district heating system—A case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 230-236.
  88. Tereshchenko, Tymofii & Nord, Natasa, 2016. "Energy planning of district heating for future building stock based on renewable energies and increasing supply flexibility," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1227-1244.
  89. Michael-Allan Millar & Neil M. Burnside & Zhibin Yu, 2019. "District Heating Challenges for the UK," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-21, January.
  90. Li, Yu & Rezgui, Yacine & Zhu, Hanxing, 2017. "District heating and cooling optimization and enhancement – Towards integration of renewables, storage and smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 281-294.
  91. Carotenuto, Alberto & Figaj, Rafal Damian & Vanoli, Laura, 2017. "A novel solar-geothermal district heating, cooling and domestic hot water system: Dynamic simulation and energy-economic analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 2652-2669.
  92. Kevin Sartor, 2017. "Simulation Models to Size and Retrofit District Heating Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-14, December.
  93. Abugabbara, Marwan & Lindhe, Jonas & Javed, Saqib & Johansson, Dennis & Claesson, Johan, 2024. "Comparative study and validation of a new analytical method for hydraulic modelling of bidirectional low temperature networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
  94. Valerie Eveloy & Dereje S. Ayou, 2019. "Sustainable District Cooling Systems: Status, Challenges, and Future Opportunities, with Emphasis on Cooling-Dominated Regions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-64, January.
  95. Lake, Andrew & Rezaie, Behanz, 2018. "Energy and exergy efficiencies assessment for a stratified cold thermal energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 605-615.
  96. Gao, Wu & Masum, Shakil & Qadrdan, Meysam & Thomas, Hywel Rhys, 2022. "Estimation and prediction of shallow ground source heat resources subjected to complex soil and atmospheric boundary conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 978-994.
  97. Hyo-Jin Kim & Hee-Hoon Kim & Seung-Hoon Yoo, 2018. "The Marginal Value of Heat in the Korean Manufacturing Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-6, June.
  98. Zhang, Menglin & Wu, Qiuwei & Wen, Jinyu & Lin, Zhongwei & Fang, Fang & Chen, Qun, 2021. "Optimal operation of integrated electricity and heat system: A review of modeling and solution methods," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
  99. Deng, Na & Cai, Rongchang & Gao, Yuan & Zhou, Zhihua & He, Guansong & Liu, Dongyi & Zhang, Awen, 2017. "A MINLP model of optimal scheduling for a district heating and cooling system: A case study of an energy station in Tianjin," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1750-1763.
  100. Im, Yong-Hoon & Liu, Jie, 2018. "Feasibility study on the low temperature district heating and cooling system with bi-lateral heat trades model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 988-999.
  101. Bracco, Stefano & Dentici, Gabriele & Siri, Silvia, 2013. "Economic and environmental optimization model for the design and the operation of a combined heat and power distributed generation system in an urban area," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1014-1024.
  102. Yan, Aibin & Zhao, Jun & An, Qingsong & Zhao, Yulong & Li, Hailong & Huang, Yrjö Jun, 2013. "Hydraulic performance of a new district heating systems with distributed variable speed pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 876-885.
  103. Depoorter, Victor & Oró, Eduard & Salom, Jaume, 2015. "The location as an energy efficiency and renewable energy supply measure for data centres in Europe," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 338-349.
  104. Sartor, K. & Dewalef, P., 2017. "Experimental validation of heat transport modelling in district heating networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 961-968.
  105. Silvia Soutullo & Laura Aelenei & Per Sieverts Nielsen & Jose Antonio Ferrer & Helder Gonçalves, 2020. "Testing Platforms as Drivers for Positive-Energy Living Laboratories," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-21, October.
  106. Gong, Mingju & Zhao, Yin & Sun, Jiawang & Han, Cuitian & Sun, Guannan & Yan, Bo, 2022. "Load forecasting of district heating system based on Informer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
  107. Zhang, Wei & Hong, Wenpeng & Jin, Xu, 2022. "Research on performance and control strategy of multi-cold source district cooling system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
  108. Guelpa, Elisa & Deputato, Stefania & Verda, Vittorio, 2018. "Thermal request optimization in district heating networks using a clustering approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 608-617.
  109. Amiri, Shahnaz & Weinberger, Gottfried, 2018. "Increased cogeneration of renewable electricity through energy cooperation in a Swedish district heating system - A case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(PA), pages 866-877.
  110. Best, Robert E. & Rezazadeh Kalehbasti, P. & Lepech, Michael D., 2020. "A novel approach to district heating and cooling network design based on life cycle cost optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
  111. Yang, Libing & Entchev, Evgueniy & Rosato, Antonio & Sibilio, Sergio, 2017. "Smart thermal grid with integration of distributed and centralized solar energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 471-481.
  112. Li, Haoran & Hou, Juan & Hong, Tianzhen & Ding, Yuemin & Nord, Natasa, 2021. "Energy, economic, and environmental analysis of integration of thermal energy storage into district heating systems using waste heat from data centres," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
  113. Gunther Gehlert & Marlies Wiegand & Mariya Lymar & Stefan Huusmann, 2022. "Simultaneity in Renewable Building Energy Supply—A Case Study on a Lecturing and Exhibition Building on a University Campus Located in the Cfb Climate Zone," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-18, October.
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