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A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications

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  1. Shulun Han & Li Bai & Mingshu Chi & Xiuling Xu & Zhao Chen & Kecheng Yu, 2022. "Conversion of Waste Corn Straw to Value-Added Fuel via Hydrothermal Carbonization after Acid Washing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-14, March.
  2. Zhang, Deli & Wang, Fang & Shen, Xiuli & Yi, Weiming & Li, Zhihe & Li, Yongjun & Tian, Chunyan, 2018. "Comparison study on fuel properties of hydrochars produced from corn stalk and corn stalk digestate," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 527-536.
  3. Afolabi, Oluwasola O.D. & Sohail, M. & Cheng, Yu-Ling, 2020. "Optimisation and characterisation of hydrochar production from spent coffee grounds by hydrothermal carbonisation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 1380-1391.
  4. Gai, Chao & Chen, Mengjun & Liu, Tingting & Peng, Nana & Liu, Zhengang, 2016. "Gasification characteristics of hydrochar and pyrochar derived from sewage sludge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 957-965.
  5. Samuel Carrasco & Ernesto Pino-Cortés & Andrés Barra-Marín & Alejandro Fierro-Gallegos & Marcelo León, 2022. "Use of Hydrochar Produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Thermal Power Plants in Chile: A Techno-Economic and Environmental Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-17, June.
  6. Shi, Xiaogang & Ronsse, Frederik & Nachenius, Robert & Pieters, Jan G., 2019. "3D Eulerian-Eulerian modeling of a screw reactor for biomass thermochemical conversion. Part 2: Slow pyrolysis for char production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1477-1487.
  7. Zhang, Chaoyue & Ma, Xiaoqian & Chen, Xinfei & Tian, Yunlong & Zhou, Yi & Lu, Xiaoluan & Huang, Tao, 2020. "Conversion of water hyacinth to value-added fuel via hydrothermal carbonization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
  8. Li, Shuangjun & Yuan, Xiangzhou & Deng, Shuai & Zhao, Li & Lee, Ki Bong, 2021. "A review on biomass-derived CO2 adsorption capture: Adsorbent, adsorber, adsorption, and advice," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  9. Qiu, L. & Deng, Y.F. & Wang, F. & Davaritouchaee, M. & Yao, Y.Q., 2019. "A review on biochar-mediated anaerobic digestion with enhanced methane recovery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
  10. Lee, Jechan & Kim, Ki-Hyun & Kwon, Eilhann E., 2017. "Biochar as a Catalyst," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 70-79.
  11. Mousavi-Avval, Seyed Hashem & Sahoo, Kamalakanta & Nepal, Prakash & Runge, Troy & Bergman, Richard, 2023. "Environmental impacts and techno-economic assessments of biobased products: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
  12. Giuseppe Maggiotto & Gianpiero Colangelo & Marco Milanese & Arturo de Risi, 2023. "Thermochemical Technologies for the Optimization of Olive Wood Biomass Energy Exploitation: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-17, September.
  13. Al-Rumaihi, Aisha & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Mckay, Gordon & Mackey, Hamish & Al-Ansari, Tareq, 2022. "A review of pyrolysis technologies and feedstock: A blending approach for plastic and biomass towards optimum biochar yield," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
  14. Song, Jinghui & Wang, Ying & Zhang, Siqi & Song, Yanling & Xue, Shengrong & Liu, Le & Lvy, Xingang & Wang, Xiaojiao & Yang, Gaihe, 2021. "Coupling biochar with anaerobic digestion in a circular economy perspective: A promising way to promote sustainable energy, environment and agriculture development in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
  15. Yao, Zhongliang & Ma, Xiaoqian, 2017. "A new approach to transforming PVC waste into energy via combined hydrothermal carbonization and fast pyrolysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1156-1165.
  16. Chang, Boon Peng & Rodriguez-Uribe, Arturo & Mohanty, Amar K. & Misra, Manjusri, 2021. "A comprehensive review of renewable and sustainable biosourced carbon through pyrolysis in biocomposites uses: Current development and future opportunity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  17. Neel Patel & Bishnu Acharya & Prabir Basu, 2021. "Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Seaweed (Macroalgae) for Producing Hydrochar," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-16, March.
  18. Sui, Haiqing & Chen, Jianfeng & Cheng, Wei & Zhu, Youjian & Zhang, Wennan & Hu, Junhao & Jiang, Hao & Shao, Jing'ai & Chen, Hanping, 2024. "Effect of oxidative torrefaction on fuel and pelletizing properties of agricultural biomass in comparison with non-oxidative torrefaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
  19. Liang, Wang & Wang, Guangwei & Jiao, Kexin & Ning, Xiaojun & Zhang, Jianliang & Guo, Xingmin & Li, Jinhua & Wang, Chuan, 2021. "Conversion mechanism and gasification kinetics of biomass char during hydrothermal carbonization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 318-328.
  20. Surup, Gerrit Ralf & Leahy, James J. & Timko, Michael T. & Trubetskaya, Anna, 2020. "Hydrothermal carbonization of olive wastes to produce renewable, binder-free pellets for use as metallurgical reducing agents," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 347-357.
  21. Wang, Wenyu & Wen, Chang & Liu, Tianyu & Li, Changkang & Chen, Lichun & Wu, Jianqun & Shao, Yuhao & Liu, Enze, 2020. "Effects of various occurrence modes of inorganic components on the emissions of PM10 during torrefied biomass combustion under air and oxy-fuel conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
  22. Azzaz, Ahmed Amine & Khiari, Besma & Jellali, Salah & Ghimbeu, Camélia Matei & Jeguirim, Mejdi, 2020. "Hydrochars production, characterization and application for wastewater treatment: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
  23. Ahmad, Farah B. & Zhang, Zhanying & Doherty, William O.S. & O'Hara, Ian M., 2019. "The outlook of the production of advanced fuels and chemicals from integrated oil palm biomass biorefinery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 386-411.
  24. Wang, Xiaoxiang & Cao, Li & Lewis, Rosmala & Hreid, Tubuxin & Zhang, Zhanying & Wang, Hongxia, 2020. "Biorefining of sugarcane bagasse to fermentable sugars and surface oxygen group-rich hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 2306-2317.
  25. Eric N. Coker & Xavier Lujan-Flores & Burl Donaldson & Nadir Yilmaz & Alpaslan Atmanli, 2023. "An Assessment of the Conversion of Biomass and Industrial Waste Products to Activated Carbon," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-14, February.
  26. Ance Plavniece & Galina Dobele & Aleksandrs Volperts & Aivars Zhurinsh, 2022. "Hydrothermal Carbonization vs. Pyrolysis: Effect on the Porosity of the Activated Carbon Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-13, November.
  27. Pablo J. Arauzo & Maciej P. Olszewski & Andrea Kruse, 2018. "Hydrothermal Carbonization Brewer’s Spent Grains with the Focus on Improving the Degradation of the Feedstock," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, November.
  28. Tobias Pröll & Florian Zerobin, 2019. "Biomass-based negative emission technology options with combined heat and power generation," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 24(7), pages 1307-1324, October.
  29. George Hurst & Juan Maria González-Carballo & Lubomira Tosheva & Silvia Tedesco, 2021. "Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Sulphated Zirconia—HCl System for Levulinic Acid and Solid Residue Production Using Microwave Irradiation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-13, March.
  30. Khoshnevisan, Benyamin & Duan, Na & Tsapekos, Panagiotis & Awasthi, Mukesh Kumar & Liu, Zhidan & Mohammadi, Ali & Angelidaki, Irini & Tsang, Daniel CW. & Zhang, Zengqiang & Pan, Junting & Ma, Lin & Ag, 2021. "A critical review on livestock manure biorefinery technologies: Sustainability, challenges, and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
  31. Chen, Chunxiang & Qi, Qianhao & Huang, Dengchang & Zeng, Tianyang & Bu, Xiaoyan & Huang, Yuting & Huang, Haozhong, 2021. "Effect of additive mixture on microwave-assisted catalysis pyrolysis of microalgae," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
  32. Han, Chengjin & Wei, Guangsheng & Zhu, Rong & Cheng, Yu & Wang, Runzhe & Wu, Wenhe & Wang, Yefeng, 2023. "Characterization and kinetics of iron oxide reduction by corn straw biochar prepared by pyrolysis using superheated steam atmosphere and hydrothermal processes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P2).
  33. Zhuang, Xiuzheng & Liu, Jianguo & Zhang, Qi & Wang, Chenguang & Zhan, Hao & Ma, Longlong, 2022. "A review on the utilization of industrial biowaste via hydrothermal carbonization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
  34. Tariqul Islam & Yanliang Li & Hefa Cheng, 2021. "Biochars and Engineered Biochars for Water and Soil Remediation: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-25, September.
  35. Waheed A. Rasaq & Mateusz Golonka & Miklas Scholz & Andrzej Białowiec, 2021. "Opportunities and Challenges of High-Pressure Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-20, August.
  36. Yuchiao Lu & Hanmin Yang & Andrey V. Karasev & Chuan Wang & Pär G. Jönsson, 2022. "Applications of Hydrochar and Charcoal in the Iron and Steelmaking Industry—Part 1: Characterization of Carbonaceous Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-27, August.
  37. Djandja, Oraléou Sangué & Duan, Pei-Gao & Yin, Lin-Xin & Wang, Zhi-Cong & Duo, Jia, 2021. "A novel machine learning-based approach for prediction of nitrogen content in hydrochar from hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
  38. Bonassa, Gabriela & Schneider, Lara Talita & Canever, Victor Bruno & Cremonez, Paulo André & Frigo, Elisandro Pires & Dieter, Jonathan & Teleken, Joel Gustavo, 2018. "Scenarios and prospects of solid biofuel use in Brazil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2365-2378.
  39. De la Rubia, M.A. & Villamil, J.A. & Rodriguez, J.J. & Mohedano, A.F., 2018. "Effect of inoculum source and initial concentration on the anaerobic digestion of the liquid fraction from hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 697-704.
  40. Nikolaos Montesantos & Marco Maschietti, 2020. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lignocellulosic Bio-Oils: The Potential of Fuel Upgrading and Chemical Recovery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-35, April.
  41. Salaudeen, Shakirudeen A. & Acharya, Bishnu & Dutta, Animesh, 2021. "Steam gasification of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of fruit wastes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 582-591.
  42. Yuan, Xiangzhou & Wang, Junyao & Deng, Shuai & Suvarna, Manu & Wang, Xiaonan & Zhang, Wei & Hamilton, Sara Triana & Alahmed, Ammar & Jamal, Aqil & Park, Ah-Hyung Alissa & Bi, Xiaotao & Ok, Yong Sik, 2022. "Recent advancements in sustainable upcycling of solid waste into porous carbons for carbon dioxide capture," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
  43. Zhang, Zhikun & Zhu, Zongyuan & Shen, Boxiong & Liu, Lina, 2019. "Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 581-598.
  44. Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah & Rashid, Umer & Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman & Hazmi, Balkis & Alharthi, Fahad A. & Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi, 2021. "Bifunctional nano-catalyst produced from palm kernel shell via hydrothermal-assisted carbonization for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
  45. Han, Lanfang & Sun, Haoran & Sun, Ke & Yang, Yan & Fang, Liping & Xing, Baoshan, 2021. "Effect of Fe and Al ions on the production of biochar from agricultural biomass: Properties, stability and adsorption efficiency of biochar," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
  46. Shao, Yuchao & Long, Yuyang & Wang, Hengyi & Liu, Dongyun & Shen, Dongsheng & Chen, Ting, 2019. "Hydrochar derived from green waste by microwave hydrothermal carbonization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 1327-1334.
  47. Piotr Piersa & Hilal Unyay & Szymon Szufa & Wiktoria Lewandowska & Remigiusz Modrzewski & Radosław Ślężak & Stanisław Ledakowicz, 2022. "An Extensive Review and Comparison of Modern Biomass Torrefaction Reactors vs. Biomass Pyrolysis—Part 1," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-34, March.
  48. Isaac Lorero & Arturo J. Vizcaíno & Francisco J. Alguacil & Félix A. López, 2020. "Activated Carbon from Winemaking Waste: Thermoeconomic Analysis for Large-Scale Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-22, December.
  49. Cheng, Chen & Ding, Lu & Guo, Qinghua & He, Qing & Gong, Yan & Alexander, Kozlov N. & Yu, Guangsuo, 2022. "Process analysis and kinetic modeling of coconut shell hydrothermal carbonization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
  50. Wang, Tengfei & Zhai, Yunbo & Zhu, Yun & Li, Caiting & Zeng, Guangming, 2018. "A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: Process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 223-247.
  51. Kumar, B. Ramesh & Mathimani, Thangavel & Sudhakar, M.P. & Rajendran, Karthik & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Brindhadevi, Kathirvel & Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan, 2021. "A state of the art review on the cultivation of algae for energy and other valuable products: Application, challenges, and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
  52. Monica Puccini & Lucia Ceccarini & Daniele Antichi & Maurizia Seggiani & Silvia Tavarini & Marisa Hernandez Latorre & Sandra Vitolo, 2018. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Municipal Woody and Herbaceous Prunings: Hydrochar Valorisation as Soil Amendment and Growth Medium for Horticulture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, March.
  53. Shen, Yafei & Yu, Shili & Ge, Shun & Chen, Xingming & Ge, Xinlei & Chen, Mindong, 2017. "Hydrothermal carbonization of medical wastes and lignocellulosic biomass for solid fuel production from lab-scale to pilot-scale," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 312-323.
  54. Zhu, Zongyuan & Xu, Zhen, 2020. "The rational design of biomass-derived carbon materials towards next-generation energy storage: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
  55. Mäkelä, Mikko & Yoshikawa, Kunio, 2016. "Simulating hydrothermal treatment of sludge within a pulp and paper mill," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 177-183.
  56. Luz, Fábio Codignole & Cordiner, Stefano & Manni, Alessandro & Mulone, Vincenzo & Rocco, Vittorio & Braglia, Roberto & Canini, Antonella, 2018. "Ampelodesmos mauritanicus pyrolysis biochar in anaerobic digestion process: Evaluation of the biogas yield," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 663-669.
  57. Chater, Hamza & Asbik, Mohamed, 2024. "Innovative mathematical approach for hydrothermal carbonization process using an inverse method: Experimental analysis, rheology behavior, and numerical comparative investigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
  58. Zhang, Xianwen & Deng, Hongkun & Yang, Jing & Yu, Zhenhua & Xing, Xianjun & Ma, Peiyong, 2020. "Isoconversional kinetics of pyrolysis of vaporthermally carbonized bamboo," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 701-707.
  59. Aragón-Briceño, C.I. & Pozarlik, A.K. & Bramer, E.A. & Niedzwiecki, Lukasz & Pawlak-Kruczek, H. & Brem, G., 2021. "Hydrothermal carbonization of wet biomass from nitrogen and phosphorus approach: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 401-415.
  60. Mitchell Ubene & Mohammad Heidari & Animesh Dutta, 2022. "Computational Modeling Approaches of Hydrothermal Carbonization: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-28, March.
  61. Baghel, Paramjeet & Sakhiya, Anil Kumar & Kaushal, Priyanka, 2022. "Influence of temperature on slow pyrolysis of Prosopis Juliflora: An experimental and thermodynamic approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 538-551.
  62. Ma, Peiyong & Yang, Jing & Xing, Xianjun & Weihrich, Sebastian & Fan, Fangyu & Zhang, Xianwen, 2017. "Isoconversional kinetics and characteristics of combustion on hydrothermally treated biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 1069-1076.
  63. Peng, Chuan & Feng, Wei & Zhang, Yanhui & Guo, Shifeng & Yang, Zhile & Liu, Xiangmin & Wang, Tengfei & Zhai, Yunbo, 2021. "Low temperature co-pyrolysis of food waste with PVC-derived char: Products distributions, char properties and mechanism of bio-oil upgrading," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
  64. Liu, Tianyu & Wen, Chang & Li, Changkang & Yan, Kai & Li, Rui & Jing, Zhenqi & Zhang, Bohan & Ma, Jingjing, 2022. "Integrated water washing and carbonization pretreatment of typical herbaceous and woody biomass: Fuel properties, combustion behaviors, and techno-economic assessments," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 218-233.
  65. Anand, Abhijeet & Kumar, Vivek & Kaushal, Priyanka, 2022. "Biochar and its twin benefits: Crop residue management and climate change mitigation in India," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
  66. Umut Şen & Bruno Esteves & Helena Pereira, 2023. "Pyrolysis and Extraction of Bark in a Biorefineries Context: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-23, June.
  67. Zhang, Deli & Sun, Zhijing & Fu, Hongyue & Liu, Zhenfei & Wang, Fang & Zeng, Jianfei & Yi, Weiming, 2024. "Upgrading of cow manure by hydrothermal carbonization: Evaluation of fuel properties, combustion behaviors and kinetics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
  68. Kiran R. Parmar & Andrew B. Ross, 2019. "Integration of Hydrothermal Carbonisation with Anaerobic Digestion; Opportunities for Valorisation of Digestate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, April.
  69. Douglas Alberto Rocha de Castro & Haroldo Jorge da Silva Ribeiro & Lauro Henrique Hamoy Guerreiro & Lucas Pinto Bernar & Sami Jonatan Bremer & Marcelo Costa Santo & Hélio da Silva Almeida & Sergio Duv, 2021. "Production of Fuel-Like Fractions by Fractional Distillation of Bio-Oil from Açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Seeds Pyrolysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-27, June.
  70. Michela Lucian & Maurizio Volpe & Luca Fiori, 2019. "Hydrothermal Carbonization Kinetics of Lignocellulosic Agro-Wastes: Experimental Data and Modeling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, February.
  71. Eunhye Song & Ho Kim & Kyung Woo Kim & Young-Man Yoon, 2023. "Characteristic Evaluation of Different Carbonization Processes for Hydrochar, Torrefied Char, and Biochar Produced from Cattle Manure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-14, April.
  72. Kumar, Mayank & Olajire Oyedun, Adetoyese & Kumar, Amit, 2018. "A review on the current status of various hydrothermal technologies on biomass feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1742-1770.
  73. Gurevich Messina, L.I. & Bonelli, P.R. & Cukierman, A.L., 2017. "Effect of acid pretreatment and process temperature on characteristics and yields of pyrolysis products of peanut shells," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 697-707.
  74. Nausika Querejeta & M. Victoria Gil & Fernando Rubiera & Covadonga Pevida, 2018. "Sustainable coffee†based CO2 adsorbents: toward a greener production via hydrothermal carbonization," Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 8(2), pages 309-323, April.
  75. Wenxin Li & Yi Xing & Ying Guo & Duo Zhang & Yajuan Tang & Jiayu Chen & Han Zhang & Bo Jiang, 2024. "The Removal and Mitigation Effects of Biochar on Microplastics in Water and Soils: Application and Mechanism Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-19, November.
  76. Evan A.N. Marks & Vasiliki Kinigopoulou & Hanene Akrout & Ahmed Amine Azzaz & Charalampos Doulgeris & Salah Jellali & Carlos Rad & Paula Sánchez Zulueta & Evangelos Tziritis & Leila El-Bassi & Camélia, 2020. "Potential for Production of Biochar-Based Fertilizers from Olive Mill Waste in Mediterranean Basin Countries: An Initial Assessment for Spain, Tunisia, and Greece," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-15, July.
  77. Yao, Zhongliang & Ma, Xiaoqian & Xiao, Zhiyuan, 2020. "The effect of two pretreatment levels on the pyrolysis characteristics of water hyacinth," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 514-527.
  78. Briongos, J.V. & Taramona, S. & Gómez-Hernández, J. & Mulone, V. & Santana, D., 2021. "Solar and biomass hybridization through hydrothermal carbonization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 268-279.
  79. Edoardo Miliotti & Luca Rosi & Lorenzo Bettucci & Giulia Lotti & Andrea Maria Rizzo & David Chiaramonti, 2020. "Characterization of Chemically and Physically Activated Carbons from Lignocellulosic Ethanol Lignin-Rich Stream via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Slow Pyrolysis Pretreatment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-17, August.
  80. Aaron E. Brown & James M. Hammerton & Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero & Andrew B. Ross, 2022. "Integration of Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Anaerobic Digestion for the Energy Valorisation of Grass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-21, May.
  81. Leslie Lara-Ramos & Ana Cervera-Mata & Jesús Fernández-Bayo & Miguel Navarro-Alarcón & Gabriel Delgado & Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga, 2023. "Hydrochars Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds as Zn Bio-Chelates for Agronomic Biofortification," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-13, July.
  82. Roy, Poritosh & Dutta, Animesh & Gallant, Jim, 2020. "Evaluation of the life cycle of hydrothermally carbonized biomass for energy and horticulture application," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
  83. Akbari, Maryam & Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire & Kumar, Amit, 2020. "Techno-economic assessment of wet and dry torrefaction of biomass feedstock," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
  84. Poritosh Roy & Animesh Dutta & Jim Gallant, 2018. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Peat Moss and Herbaceous Biomass (Miscanthus): A Potential Route for Bioenergy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-14, October.
  85. Abu-Taher Jamal-Uddin & Shakirudeen A. Salaudeen & Animesh Dutta & Richard G. Zytner, 2022. "Hydrothermal Conversion of Waste Biomass from Greenhouses into Hydrochar for Energy, Soil Amendment, and Wastewater Treatment Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-21, May.
  86. Shrestha, Ankita & Acharya, Bishnu & Farooque, Aitazaz A., 2021. "Study of hydrochar and process water from hydrothermal carbonization of sea lettuce," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 589-598.
  87. Yang Wei & Risheng Li & Nan Lu & Baoqiang Zhang, 2022. "Stabilization of Soil Co-Contaminated with Mercury and Arsenic by Different Types of Biochar," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-16, October.
  88. Wang, Bin & He, Zhixia & Zhang, Bo & Duan, Yibing, 2021. "Study on hydrothermal liquefaction of spirulina platensis using biochar based catalysts to produce bio-oil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
  89. Trishan Deb Abhi & Omid Norouzi & Kevin Macdermid-Watts & Mohammad Heidari & Syeda Tasnim & Animesh Dutta, 2021. "Miscanthus to Biocarbon for Canadian Iron and Steel Industries: An Innovative Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-18, July.
  90. Lee, Jechan & Kim, Soosan & You, Siming & Park, Young-Kwon, 2023. "Bioenergy generation from thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass-based integrated renewable energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
  91. Silvia Román & Judy Libra & Nicole Berge & Eduardo Sabio & Kyoung Ro & Liang Li & Beatriz Ledesma & Andrés Álvarez & Sunyoung Bae, 2018. "Hydrothermal Carbonization: Modeling, Final Properties Design and Applications: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-28, January.
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