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Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Sulphated Zirconia—HCl System for Levulinic Acid and Solid Residue Production Using Microwave Irradiation

Author

Listed:
  • George Hurst

    (Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK)

  • Juan Maria González-Carballo

    (Drochaid Research Services Ltd., Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST, UK)

  • Lubomira Tosheva

    (Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK)

  • Silvia Tedesco

    (Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK)

Abstract

The synergistic conversion of Miscanthus x Giganteous with sulphated zirconia and dilute hydrochloric acid was investigated. The sulphated zirconia was prepared using H 2 SO 4 impregnation and characterised using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Miscroscope (SEM) spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The microwave-assisted reaction was evaluated at various temperatures, reaction times and catalyst-to-biomass ratios, with and without the presence of trace HCl in the solution medium for the conversion of Miscanthus x Giganteous to levulinic acid. The highest levulinic acid yield of 63.8% was achieved at 160 °C, 80 min and a 2:1 catalyst-to-biomass ratio, with 10 mM HCl. The catalyst recyclability was investigated with and without calcination, finding that significant humin deposition on the catalyst surface likely caused catalyst deactivation. The post-reaction solid residue was also characterised using SEM, EDX, XRD, elemental composition and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. Findings indicate that this residue could potentially be used as a soil amendment or as a fuel source. The synergistic conversion of real lignocellulosic biomass with sulphated zirconia and trace hydrochloric acid showed remarkable promise and should be investigated further.

Suggested Citation

  • George Hurst & Juan Maria González-Carballo & Lubomira Tosheva & Silvia Tedesco, 2021. "Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Sulphated Zirconia—HCl System for Levulinic Acid and Solid Residue Production Using Microwave Irradiation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:6:p:1582-:d:516086
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kambo, Harpreet Singh & Dutta, Animesh, 2015. "A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 359-378.
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    Cited by:

    1. Eugenio Meloni, 2022. "Electrification of Chemical Engineering: A New Way to Intensify Chemical Processes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-3, July.

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