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Torrefaction and co-torrefaction characterization of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin as well as torrefaction of some basic constituents in biomass

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  1. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Tu, Yi-Jian & Sheen, Herng-Kuang, 2011. "Disruption of sugarcane bagasse lignocellulosic structure by means of dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment with microwave-assisted heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(8), pages 2726-2734, August.
  2. Sarkar, Madhura & Kumar, Ajay & Tumuluru, Jaya Shankar & Patil, Krushna N. & Bellmer, Danielle D., 2014. "Gasification performance of switchgrass pretreated with torrefaction and densification," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 194-201.
  3. Xue, Junjie & Goldfarb, Jillian L., 2018. "Enhanced devolatilization during torrefaction of blended biomass streams results in additive heating values and synergistic oxidation behavior of solid fuels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 1-12.
  4. Budzianowski, Wojciech M., 2012. "Value-added carbon management technologies for low CO2 intensive carbon-based energy vectors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 280-297.
  5. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Aniza, Ria & Arpia, Arjay A. & Lo, Hsiu-Ju & Hoang, Anh Tuan & Goodarzi, Vahabodin & Gao, Jianbing, 2022. "A comparative analysis of biomass torrefaction severity index prediction from machine learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
  6. Yi-Kai Chih & Wei-Hsin Chen & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Pau Loke Show, 2019. "Product Characteristics of Torrefied Wood Sawdust in Normal and Vacuum Environments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-17, October.
  7. Granados, D.A. & Ruiz, R.A. & Vega, L.Y. & Chejne, F., 2017. "Study of reactivity reduction in sugarcane bagasse as consequence of a torrefaction process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 818-827.
  8. Kuo, Po-Chih & Illathukandy, Biju & Wu, Wei & Chang, Jo-Shu, 2021. "Energy, exergy, and environmental analyses of renewable hydrogen production through plasma gasification of microalgal biomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
  9. Mei, Yanyang & Chen, Ying & Zhang, Shipeng & Zheng, Yanxin & Li, Wenqi & Chai, Hongchuan & Liu, Kongrong, 2023. "Effect of temperature oscillation on torrefaction and pyrolysis of elm branches," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
  10. Wang, Ziliang & Lim, C. Jim & Grace, John R., 2019. "A comprehensive study of sawdust torrefaction in a dual-compartment slot-rectangular spouted bed reactor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
  11. Po-Chih Kuo & Wei Wu, 2014. "Design, Optimization and Energetic Efficiency of Producing Hydrogen-Rich Gas from Biomass Steam Gasification," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-17, December.
  12. Kongto, Pumin & Palamanit, Arkom & Chaiprapat, Sumate & Tippayawong, Nakorn & Khempila, Jarunee & Lam, Su Shiung & Hayat, Asif & Yuh Yek, Peter Nai, 2023. "Physicochemical changes and energy properties of torrefied rubberwood biomass produced by different scale moving bed reactors," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P2).
  13. González Martínez, María & Dupont, Capucine & da Silva Perez, Denilson & Mortha, Gérard & Thiéry, Sébastien & Meyer, Xuân-mi & Gourdon, Christophe, 2020. "Understanding the torrefaction of woody and agricultural biomasses through their extracted macromolecular components. Part 1: Experimental thermogravimetric solid mass loss," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
  14. Dimitrios K. Sidiras & Antonios G. Nazos & Georgios E. Giakoumakis & Dorothea V. Politi, 2020. "Simulating the Effect of Torrefaction on the Heating Value of Barley Straw," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-15, February.
  15. Cheng, Wei & Shao, Jing'ai & Zhu, Youjian & Zhang, Wennan & Jiang, Hao & Hu, Junhao & Zhang, Xiong & Yang, Haiping & Chen, Hanping, 2022. "Effect of oxidative torrefaction on particulate matter emission from agricultural biomass pellet combustion in comparison with non-oxidative torrefaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 39-51.
  16. Zhao, Xiqiang & Zhou, Xing & Wang, Guoxiu & Zhou, Ping & Wang, Wenlong & Song, Zhanlong, 2022. "Evaluating the effect of torrefaction on the pyrolysis of biomass and the biochar catalytic performance on dry reforming of methane," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 313-325.
  17. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Ye, Song-Ching & Sheen, Herng-Kuang, 2012. "Hydrolysis characteristics of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by dilute acid solution in a microwave irradiation environment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 237-244.
  18. Mohd Faizal, Hasan & Shamsuddin, Hielfarith Suffri & M. Heiree, M. Harif & Muhammad Ariff Hanaffi, Mohd Fuad & Abdul Rahman, Mohd Rosdzimin & Rahman, Md. Mizanur & Latiff, Z.A., 2018. "Torrefaction of densified mesocarp fibre and palm kernel shell," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 419-428.
  19. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Lu, Ke-Miao & Tsai, Chi-Ming, 2012. "An experimental analysis on property and structure variations of agricultural wastes undergoing torrefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 318-325.
  20. Silveira, Edgar A. & Macedo, Lucélia A. & Rousset, Patrick & Candelier, Kevin & Galvão, Luiz Gustavo O. & Chaves, Bruno S. & Commandré, Jean-Michel, 2022. "A potassium responsive numerical path to model catalytic torrefaction kinetics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
  21. Stroh, Alexander & Alobaid, Falah & Busch, Jan-Peter & Ströhle, Jochen & Epple, Bernd, 2015. "3-D numerical simulation for co-firing of torrefied biomass in a pulverized-fired 1 MWth combustion chamber," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 105-116.
  22. Anna Biniek-Poskart & Marcin Sajdak & Magdalena Skrzyniarz & Jakub Rzącki & Andrzej Skibiński & Monika Zajemska, 2023. "The Application of Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste in the Iron and Steel Industry in the Context of Challenges Related to the Energy Crisis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-25, September.
  23. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Peng, Jianghong & Bi, Xiaotao T., 2015. "A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 847-866.
  24. Lu, Ke-Miao & Lee, Wen-Jhy & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Lin, Ta-Chang, 2013. "Thermogravimetric analysis and kinetics of co-pyrolysis of raw/torrefied wood and coal blends," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 57-65.
  25. Johanna Gaitán-Álvarez & Róger Moya & Allen Puente-Urbina & Ana Rodriguez-Zúñiga, 2018. "Thermogravimetric, Devolatilization Rate, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analyses of Biomass of Tropical Plantation Species of Costa Rica Torrefied at Different Temperatures and Times," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-26, March.
  26. Jaime Martín-Pascual & Joaquín Jódar & Miguel L. Rodríguez & Montserrat Zamorano, 2020. "Determination of the Optimal Operative Conditions for the Torrefaction of Olive Waste Biomass," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-11, August.
  27. Nunes, L.J.R. & Matias, J.C.O. & Catalão, J.P.S., 2014. "A review on torrefied biomass pellets as a sustainable alternative to coal in power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 153-160.
  28. Niu, Yanqing & Lv, Yuan & Lei, Yu & Liu, Siqi & Liang, Yang & Wang, Denghui & Hui, Shi'en, 2019. "Biomass torrefaction: properties, applications, challenges, and economy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
  29. Wang, L. & Barta-Rajnai, E. & Skreiberg, Ø. & Khalil, R. & Czégény, Z. & Jakab, E. & Barta, Z. & Grønli, M., 2018. "Effect of torrefaction on physiochemical characteristics and grindability of stem wood, stump and bark," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 137-148.
  30. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Hsu, Huan-Chun & Lu, Ke-Miao & Lee, Wen-Jhy & Lin, Ta-Chang, 2011. "Thermal pretreatment of wood (Lauan) block by torrefaction and its influence on the properties of the biomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3012-3021.
  31. Nocquet, Timothée & Dupont, Capucine & Commandre, Jean-Michel & Grateau, Maguelone & Thiery, Sébastien & Salvador, Sylvain, 2014. "Volatile species release during torrefaction of wood and its macromolecular constituents: Part 1 – Experimental study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 180-187.
  32. Jezerska, Lucie & Sassmanova, Veronika & Prokes, Rostislav & Gelnar, Daniel, 2023. "The pelletization and torrefaction of coffee grounds, garden chaff and rapeseed straw," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 346-354.
  33. Wen, Jia-Long & Sun, Shao-Long & Yuan, Tong-Qi & Xu, Feng & Sun, Run-Cang, 2014. "Understanding the chemical and structural transformations of lignin macromolecule during torrefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 1-9.
  34. Lu, Jau-Jang & Chen, Wei-Hsin, 2015. "Investigation on the ignition and burnout temperatures of bamboo and sugarcane bagasse by thermogravimetric analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 49-57.
  35. Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Yu, Kai Ling & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Pillejera, Ma Katreena & Bi, Xiaotao & Tran, Khanh-Quang & Pétrissans, Anelie & Pétrissans, Mathieu, 2021. "Variation of lignocellulosic biomass structure from torrefaction: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  36. Anthony Ike Anukam & Jonas Berghel & Stefan Frodeson & Elizabeth Bosede Famewo & Pardon Nyamukamba, 2019. "Characterization of Pure and Blended Pellets Made from Norway Spruce and Pea Starch: A Comparative Study of Bonding Mechanism Relevant to Quality," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-22, November.
  37. Wilk, Małgorzata & Magdziarz, Aneta & Kalemba, Izabela, 2015. "Characterisation of renewable fuels' torrefaction process with different instrumental techniques," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 259-269.
  38. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Kuo, Po-Chih, 2011. "Isothermal torrefaction kinetics of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and xylan using thermogravimetric analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 6451-6460.
  39. Yan, Beibei & Jiao, Liguo & Li, Jian & Zhu, Xiaochao & Ahmed, Sarwaich & Chen, Guanyi, 2021. "Investigation on microwave torrefaction: Parametric influence, TG-MS-FTIR analysis, and gasification performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
  40. Abdulyekeen, Kabir Abogunde & Umar, Ahmad Abulfathi & Patah, Muhamad Fazly Abdul & Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan, 2021. "Torrefaction of biomass: Production of enhanced solid biofuel from municipal solid waste and other types of biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
  41. Chouchene, Ajmia & Jeguirim, Mejdi & Favre-Reguillon, Alain & Trouvé, Gwenaelle & Le Buzit, Gérard & Khiari, Besma & Zagrouba, Fethi, 2012. "Energetic valorisation of olive mill wastewater impregnated on low cost absorbent: Sawdust versus olive solid waste," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 74-81.
  42. Dai, Leilei & Wang, Yunpu & Liu, Yuhuan & Ruan, Roger & He, Chao & Yu, Zhenting & Jiang, Lin & Zeng, Zihong & Tian, Xiaojie, 2019. "Integrated process of lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction and pyrolysis for upgrading bio-oil production: A state-of-the-art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 20-36.
  43. Cardarelli, Alessandro & Pinzi, Sara & Barbanera, Marco, 2022. "Effect of torrefaction temperature on spent coffee grounds thermal behaviour and kinetics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 704-716.
  44. Batidzirai, B. & Mignot, A.P.R. & Schakel, W.B. & Junginger, H.M. & Faaij, A.P.C., 2013. "Biomass torrefaction technology: Techno-economic status and future prospects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 196-214.
  45. Zhang, Shuping & Su, Yinhai & Xu, Dan & Zhu, Shuguang & Zhang, Houlei & Liu, Xinzhi, 2018. "Effects of torrefaction and organic-acid leaching pretreatment on the pyrolysis behavior of rice husk," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 804-813.
  46. Singh, Rishikesh Kumar & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad & Sarkar, Arnab, 2020. "Optimizing the torrefaction of pigeon pea stalk (cajanus cajan) using response surface methodology (RSM) and characterization of solid, liquid and gaseous products," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 677-690.
  47. Wang, Shurong & Dai, Gongxin & Ru, Bin & Zhao, Yuan & Wang, Xiaoliu & Xiao, Gang & Luo, Zhongyang, 2017. "Influence of torrefaction on the characteristics and pyrolysis behavior of cellulose," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 864-871.
  48. Arteaga-Pérez, Luis E. & Segura, Cristina & Bustamante-García, Verónica & Gómez Cápiro, Oscar & Jiménez, Romel, 2015. "Torrefaction of wood and bark from Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens: Focus on volatile evolution vs feasible temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 1731-1741.
  49. Jiang, Shengjuan & Hu, Xun & Xia, Daohong & Li, Chun-Zhu, 2016. "Formation of aromatic ring structures during the thermal treatment of mallee wood cylinders at low temperature," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 542-551.
  50. Hasan, Mohd Faizal & Omar, Muhammad Syaraffi & Sukiran, Mohamad Azri & Nyakuma, Bemgba Bevan & Muhamad Said, Mohd Farid, 2022. "Torrefaction of fibrous empty fruit bunch under mild pressurization technique," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 349-358.
  51. Sermyagina, Ekaterina & Saari, Jussi & Zakeri, Behnam & Kaikko, Juha & Vakkilainen, Esa, 2015. "Effect of heat integration method and torrefaction temperature on the performance of an integrated CHP-torrefaction plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 24-34.
  52. Marek Wróbel & Marcin Jewiarz & Krzysztof Mudryk & Adrian Knapczyk, 2020. "Influence of Raw Material Drying Temperature on the Scots Pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) Biomass Agglomeration Process—A Preliminary Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-17, April.
  53. Chaerusani, Virdi & Ramli, Yusrin & Zahra, Aghietyas Choirun Az & Zhang, Pan & Rizkiana, Jenny & Kongparakul, Suwadee & Samart, Chanatip & Karnjanakom, Surachai & Kang, Dong-Jin & Abudula, Abuliti & G, 2024. "In-situ catalytic upgrading of bio-oils from rapid pyrolysis of torrefied giant miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus) over copper‑magnesium bimetal modified HZSM-5," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
  54. Kuznetsov, G.V. & Syrodoy, S.V. & Nigay, N.A. & Maksimov, V.I. & Gutareva, N.Yu., 2021. "Features of the processes of heat and mass transfer when drying a large thickness layer of wood biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 498-511.
  55. Jorge Miguel Carneiro Ribeiro & Radu Godina & João Carlos de Oliveira Matias & Leonel Jorge Ribeiro Nunes, 2018. "Future Perspectives of Biomass Torrefaction: Review of the Current State-Of-The-Art and Research Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, July.
  56. Wu, Keng-Tung & Tsai, Chia-Ju & Chen, Chih-Shen & Chen, Hsiao-Wei, 2012. "The characteristics of torrefied microalgae," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 52-57.
  57. Safa Arous & Ahmed Koubaa & Hassine Bouafif & Besma Bouslimi & Flavia Lega Braghiroli & Chedly Bradai, 2021. "Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Wood Species on the Properties of Biochar Pellets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-15, October.
  58. Tran, Khanh-Quang & Luo, Xun & Seisenbaeva, Gulaim & Jirjis, Raida, 2013. "Stump torrefaction for bioenergy application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 539-546.
  59. Bai, Xiaopeng & Wang, Guanghui & Zhu, Zheng & Cai, Chen & Wang, Zhiqin & Wang, Decheng, 2020. "Investigation of improving the yields and qualities of pyrolysis products with combination rod-milled and torrefaction pretreatment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 446-453.
  60. Muhammet Enes Önür & Kamil Ekinci & Mihriban Civan & Mehmet Emin Bilgili & Sema Yurdakul, 2023. "Quality Properties and Torrefaction Characteristics of Pellets: Rose Oil Distillation Solid Waste and Red Pine Sawdust," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-16, July.
  61. Yek, Peter Nai Yuh & Chen, Xiangmeng & Peng, Wanxi & Liew, Rock Keey & Cheng, Chin Kui & Sonne, Christian & Sii, How Sing & Lam, Su Shiung, 2021. "Microwave co-torrefaction of waste oil and biomass pellets for simultaneous recovery of waste and co-firing fuel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  62. Álvarez, Ana & Nogueiro, Dositeo & Pizarro, Consuelo & Matos, María & Bueno, Julio L., 2018. "Non-oxidative torrefaction of biomass to enhance its fuel properties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 1-8.
  63. Antonios Nazos & Panagiotis Grammelis & Elias Sakellis & Dimitrios Sidiras, 2020. "Acid-Catalyzed Wet Torrefaction for Enhancing the Heating Value of Barley Straw," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-16, April.
  64. Dorde Medic & Matthew Darr & Ajay Shah & Sarah Rahn, 2012. "The Effects of Particle Size, Different Corn Stover Components, and Gas Residence Time on Torrefaction of Corn Stover," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-16, April.
  65. Wilk, Małgorzata & Magdziarz, Aneta & Kalemba, Izabela & Gara, Paweł, 2016. "Carbonisation of wood residue into charcoal during low temperature process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 507-513.
  66. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Kuo, Po-Chih & Liu, Shih-Hsien & Wu, Wei, 2014. "Thermal characterization of oil palm fiber and eucalyptus in torrefaction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 40-48.
  67. Wang, Chu & Yuan, Xinhua & Li, Shanshan & Zhu, Xifeng, 2021. "Enrichment of phenolic products in walnut shell pyrolysis bio-oil by combining torrefaction pretreatment with fractional condensation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 1317-1329.
  68. Sukiran, Mohamad Azri & Wan Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri & Abnisa, Faisal & Nasrin, Abu Bakar & Abdul Aziz, Astimar & Loh, Soh Kheang, 2021. "A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
  69. Singh, Rishikesh Kumar & Sarkar, Arnab & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad, 2020. "Effect of torrefaction on the physicochemical properties of eucalyptus derived biofuels: estimation of kinetic parameters and optimizing torrefaction using response surface methodology (RSM)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
  70. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Liu, Shih-Hsien & Juang, Tarng-Tzuen & Tsai, Chi-Ming & Zhuang, Yi-Qing, 2015. "Characterization of solid and liquid products from bamboo torrefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 829-835.
  71. Niu, Qi & Ronsse, Frederik & Qi, Zhiyong & Zhang, Dongdong, 2022. "Fast torrefaction of large biomass particles by superheated steam: Enhanced solid products for multipurpose production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 552-563.
  72. Li, Hui & Liu, Xinhua & Legros, Robert & Bi, Xiaotao T. & Jim Lim, C. & Sokhansanj, Shahab, 2012. "Pelletization of torrefied sawdust and properties of torrefied pellets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 680-685.
  73. Jau-Jang Lu & Wei-Hsin Chen, 2013. "Product Yields and Characteristics of Corncob Waste under Various Torrefaction Atmospheres," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-15, December.
  74. Arriola, Emmanuel & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Chih, Yi-Kai & De Luna, Mark Daniel & Show, Pau Loke, 2020. "Impact of post-torrefaction process on biochar formation from wood pellets and self-heating phenomena for production safety," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
  75. Su, Yinhai & Zhang, Shuping & Liu, Lingqin & Xu, Dan & Qi, Penggang & Xiong, Yuanquan, 2020. "Combination of acid washing and torrefaction on Co-production of syngas and phenoli-riched bio-oil via low-temperature catalytic pyrolysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
  76. Moya, Roger & Rodríguez-Zúñiga, Ana & Puente-Urbina, Allen & Gaitán-Álvarez, Johanna, 2018. "Study of light, middle and severe torrefaction and effects of extractives and chemical compositions on torrefaction process by thermogravimetric analysis in five fast-growing plantations of Costa Rica," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 1-10.
  77. Esteban Valdez & Lope G. Tabil & Edmund Mupondwa & Duncan Cree & Hadi Moazed, 2021. "Microwave Torrefaction of Oat Hull: Effect of Temperature and Residence Time," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-15, July.
  78. Guo, Feihong & Chen, Jun & He, Yi & Gardy, Jabbar & Sun, Yahui & Jiang, Jingyu & Jiang, Xiaoxiang, 2022. "Upgrading agro-pellets by torrefaction and co-pelletization process using food waste as a pellet binder," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 213-224.
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