IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v155y2020icp677-690.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimizing the torrefaction of pigeon pea stalk (cajanus cajan) using response surface methodology (RSM) and characterization of solid, liquid and gaseous products

Author

Listed:
  • Singh, Rishikesh Kumar
  • Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad
  • Sarkar, Arnab

Abstract

Response surface methodology was employed to determine the optimum condition for the torrefaction of pigeon pea stalk. Based on the statistical analysis, the effect of operating parameters on responses (HHV and energy yield) was temperature > residence time > heating rate. The optimum condition for maximum HHV and maximum energy yield was obtained at 248.20 °C, 60 min, and 16.03 °C/min, with desirability being 54.0%. The HHV and energy yield at optimum conditions were 21.15 MJ/kg and 78.80%, respectively. The HHV and fixed carbon increased by 25.07% and 185.86% respectively, whereas oxygen content decreased by 13.05%, at optimum condition. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the effect of torrefaction on the physicochemical properties of biomass. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed a decrease in Crystallinity index value from 39.39% to 22.28% for torrefied biomass at optimum condition. Water content in the liquid products decreased with increasing severity of torrefaction. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of phenol, furan, and ketones derivatives along with acetic acid in the liquid product obtained from torrefaction. Non-condensable gases mainly consisted of CO and CO2. At optimum condition, concentrations of H2, CO, and CO2 were 2.79, 29.78, and 67.43 vol %, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Singh, Rishikesh Kumar & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad & Sarkar, Arnab, 2020. "Optimizing the torrefaction of pigeon pea stalk (cajanus cajan) using response surface methodology (RSM) and characterization of solid, liquid and gaseous products," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 677-690.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:155:y:2020:i:c:p:677-690
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.184
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148120305176
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.184?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Peng, Jianghong & Bi, Xiaotao T., 2015. "A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 847-866.
    2. Álvarez, Ana & Nogueiro, Dositeo & Pizarro, Consuelo & Matos, María & Bueno, Julio L., 2018. "Non-oxidative torrefaction of biomass to enhance its fuel properties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 1-8.
    3. Zhang, Congyu & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Xie, Youping & Liu, Zhenquan & Chang, Jo-Shu, 2018. "Torrefaction performance and energy usage of biomass wastes and their correlations with torrefaction severity index," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 598-604.
    4. Chew, J.J. & Doshi, V., 2011. "Recent advances in biomass pretreatment – Torrefaction fundamentals and technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 4212-4222.
    5. Jack P. C. Kleijnen, 2015. "Response Surface Methodology," International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, in: Michael C Fu (ed.), Handbook of Simulation Optimization, edition 127, chapter 0, pages 81-104, Springer.
    6. Damaris Achieng Odeny, 2007. "The potential of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in Africa," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 31(4), pages 297-305, November.
    7. Nam, Hyungseok & Capareda, Sergio, 2015. "Experimental investigation of torrefaction of two agricultural wastes of different composition using RSM (response surface methodology)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 507-516.
    8. Gupta, Goutam Kishore & Mondal, Monoj Kumar, 2019. "Bio-energy generation from sagwan sawdust via pyrolysis: Product distributions, characterizations and optimization using response surface methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 423-437.
    9. Wang, Shurong & Dai, Gongxin & Ru, Bin & Zhao, Yuan & Wang, Xiaoliu & Xiao, Gang & Luo, Zhongyang, 2017. "Influence of torrefaction on the characteristics and pyrolysis behavior of cellulose," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 864-871.
    10. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Kuo, Po-Chih, 2011. "Torrefaction and co-torrefaction characterization of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin as well as torrefaction of some basic constituents in biomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 803-811.
    11. Singh, Satyansh & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad & Mondal, Monoj Kumar, 2019. "Optimization of process parameters for torrefaction of Acacia nilotica using response surface methodology and characteristics of torrefied biomass as upgraded fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    12. Leontiev, Alexandr & Kichatov, Boris & Korshunov, Alexey & Kiverin, Alexey & Medvetskaya, Natalia & Melnikova, Ksenia, 2018. "Oxidative torrefaction of briquetted birch shavings in the bentonite," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 303-313.
    13. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Cheng, Wen-Yi & Lu, Ke-Miao & Huang, Ying-Pin, 2011. "An evaluation on improvement of pulverized biomass property for solid fuel through torrefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(11), pages 3636-3644.
    14. Singh, Rishikesh kumar & Sarkar, Arnab & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad, 2019. "Effect of torrefaction on the physicochemical properties of pigeon pea stalk (Cajanus cajan) and estimation of kinetic parameters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 805-819.
    15. Collard, François-Xavier & Blin, Joël, 2014. "A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: Mechanisms and composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 594-608.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Onsree, Thossaporn & Tippayawong, Nakorn & Phithakkitnukoon, Santi & Lauterbach, Jochen, 2022. "Interpretable machine-learning model with a collaborative game approach to predict yields and higher heating value of torrefied biomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    2. Nallagatla Vinod Kumar & Gajanan L. Sawargaonkar & C. Sudha Rani & Ajay Singh & T. Ram Prakash & S. Triveni & Prasad J. Kamdi & Rajesh Pasumarthi & Rayapati Karthik & Bathula Venkatesh, 2023. "Comparative Analysis of Pigeonpea Stalk Biochar Characteristics and Energy Use under Different Biochar Production Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-17, September.
    3. Onsree, Thossaporn & Tippayawong, Nakorn, 2021. "Machine learning application to predict yields of solid products from biomass torrefaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 425-432.
    4. Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Yu, Kai Ling & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Pillejera, Ma Katreena & Bi, Xiaotao & Tran, Khanh-Quang & Pétrissans, Anelie & Pétrissans, Mathieu, 2021. "Variation of lignocellulosic biomass structure from torrefaction: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    5. A. Silveira, Edgar & Santanna Chaves, Bruno & Macedo, Lucélia & Ghesti, Grace F. & Evaristo, Rafael B.W. & Cruz Lamas, Giulia & Luz, Sandra M. & Protásio, Thiago de Paula & Rousset, Patrick, 2023. "A hybrid optimization approach towards energy recovery from torrefied waste blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 151-165.
    6. Sarlaki, Ehsan & Sharif Paghaleh, Ali & Kianmehr, Mohammad Hossein & Asefpour Vakilian, Keyvan, 2021. "Valorization of lignite wastes into humic acids: Process optimization, energy efficiency and structural features analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 105-122.
    7. Awais, Muhammad & Omar, Muhammad Mubashar & Munir, Anjum & li, Wei & Ajmal, Muhammad & Hussain, Sajjad & Ahmad, Syed Amjad & Ali, Amjad, 2022. "Co-gasification of different biomass feedstock in a pilot-scale (24 kWe) downdraft gasifier: An experimental approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    8. Sukiran, Mohamad Azri & Wan Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri & Abnisa, Faisal & Nasrin, Abu Bakar & Abdul Aziz, Astimar & Loh, Soh Kheang, 2021. "A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Singh, Rishikesh Kumar & Sarkar, Arnab & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad, 2020. "Effect of torrefaction on the physicochemical properties of eucalyptus derived biofuels: estimation of kinetic parameters and optimizing torrefaction using response surface methodology (RSM)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    2. Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Yu, Kai Ling & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Pillejera, Ma Katreena & Bi, Xiaotao & Tran, Khanh-Quang & Pétrissans, Anelie & Pétrissans, Mathieu, 2021. "Variation of lignocellulosic biomass structure from torrefaction: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    3. Abdulyekeen, Kabir Abogunde & Umar, Ahmad Abulfathi & Patah, Muhamad Fazly Abdul & Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan, 2021. "Torrefaction of biomass: Production of enhanced solid biofuel from municipal solid waste and other types of biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    4. Gan, Yong Yang & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Ling, Tau Chuan & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Chong, Cheng Tung, 2019. "Torrefaction of de-oiled Jatropha seed kernel biomass for solid fuel production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 367-374.
    5. Wang, Ziliang & Lim, C. Jim & Grace, John R., 2019. "A comprehensive study of sawdust torrefaction in a dual-compartment slot-rectangular spouted bed reactor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    6. Jorge Miguel Carneiro Ribeiro & Radu Godina & João Carlos de Oliveira Matias & Leonel Jorge Ribeiro Nunes, 2018. "Future Perspectives of Biomass Torrefaction: Review of the Current State-Of-The-Art and Research Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, July.
    7. Bai, Xiaopeng & Wang, Guanghui & Zhu, Zheng & Cai, Chen & Wang, Zhiqin & Wang, Decheng, 2020. "Investigation of improving the yields and qualities of pyrolysis products with combination rod-milled and torrefaction pretreatment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 446-453.
    8. González Martínez, María & Dupont, Capucine & da Silva Perez, Denilson & Mortha, Gérard & Thiéry, Sébastien & Meyer, Xuân-mi & Gourdon, Christophe, 2020. "Understanding the torrefaction of woody and agricultural biomasses through their extracted macromolecular components. Part 1: Experimental thermogravimetric solid mass loss," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    9. Granados, D.A. & Ruiz, R.A. & Vega, L.Y. & Chejne, F., 2017. "Study of reactivity reduction in sugarcane bagasse as consequence of a torrefaction process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 818-827.
    10. A. Silveira, Edgar & Santanna Chaves, Bruno & Macedo, Lucélia & Ghesti, Grace F. & Evaristo, Rafael B.W. & Cruz Lamas, Giulia & Luz, Sandra M. & Protásio, Thiago de Paula & Rousset, Patrick, 2023. "A hybrid optimization approach towards energy recovery from torrefied waste blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 151-165.
    11. Adeleke, Adekunle A. & Ikubanni, Peter P. & Emmanuel, Stephen S. & Fajobi, Moses O. & Nwachukwu, Praise & Adesibikan, Ademidun A. & Odusote, Jamiu K. & Adeyemi, Emmanuel O. & Abioye, Oluwaseyi M. & Ok, 2024. "A comprehensive review on the similarity and disparity of torrefied biomass and coal properties," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    12. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Liu, Shih-Hsien & Juang, Tarng-Tzuen & Tsai, Chi-Ming & Zhuang, Yi-Qing, 2015. "Characterization of solid and liquid products from bamboo torrefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 829-835.
    13. Barskov, Stan & Zappi, Mark & Buchireddy, Prashanth & Dufreche, Stephen & Guillory, John & Gang, Daniel & Hernandez, Rafael & Bajpai, Rakesh & Baudier, Jeff & Cooper, Robbyn & Sharp, Richard, 2019. "Torrefaction of biomass: A review of production methods for biocoal from cultured and waste lignocellulosic feedstocks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 624-642.
    14. Kartal, Furkan & Özveren, Uğur, 2022. "Prediction of torrefied biomass properties from raw biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 578-591.
    15. Dai, Leilei & Wang, Yunpu & Liu, Yuhuan & Ruan, Roger & He, Chao & Yu, Zhenting & Jiang, Lin & Zeng, Zihong & Tian, Xiaojie, 2019. "Integrated process of lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction and pyrolysis for upgrading bio-oil production: A state-of-the-art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 20-36.
    16. Chai, Meiyun & Xie, Li & Yu, Xi & Zhang, Xingguang & Yang, Yang & Rahman, Md. Maksudur & Blanco, Paula H. & Liu, Ronghou & Bridgwater, Anthony V. & Cai, Junmeng, 2021. "Poplar wood torrefaction: Kinetics, thermochemistry and implications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    17. Yek, Peter Nai Yuh & Cheng, Yoke Wang & Liew, Rock Keey & Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Peng, Wanxi & Park, Young-Kwon & Sonne, Christian & Kong, Sieng Huat & Tabatabaei, 2021. "Progress in the torrefaction technology for upgrading oil palm wastes to energy-dense biochar: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    18. Moya, Roger & Rodríguez-Zúñiga, Ana & Puente-Urbina, Allen & Gaitán-Álvarez, Johanna, 2018. "Study of light, middle and severe torrefaction and effects of extractives and chemical compositions on torrefaction process by thermogravimetric analysis in five fast-growing plantations of Costa Rica," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 1-10.
    19. Ping Wang & Bret H. Howard, 2017. "Impact of Thermal Pretreatment Temperatures on Woody Biomass Chemical Composition, Physical Properties and Microstructure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-20, December.
    20. Gouws, S.M. & Carrier, M. & Bunt, J.R. & Neomagus, H.W.J.P., 2021. "Co-pyrolysis of coal and raw/torrefied biomass: A review on chemistry, kinetics and implementation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:155:y:2020:i:c:p:677-690. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.