IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i11p3284-d568712.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Current Trends for State-of-Charge (SoC) Estimation in Lithium-Ion Battery Electric Vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Ingvild B. Espedal

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering & ENERSENSE, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Asanthi Jinasena

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering & ENERSENSE, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Odne S. Burheim

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering & ENERSENSE, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Jacob J. Lamb

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering & ENERSENSE, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Electronic Systems & ENERSENSE, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

Energy storage systems (ESSs) are critically important for the future of electric vehicles. Despite this, the safety and management of ESSs require improvement. Battery management systems (BMSs) are vital components in ESS systems for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). One parameter that is included in the BMS is the state-of-charge (SoC) of the battery. SoC has become an active research area in recent years for battery electric vehicle (BEV) LIBs, yet there are some challenges: the LIB configuration is nonlinear, making it hard to model correctly; it is difficult to assess internal environments of a LIB (and this can be different in laboratory conditions compared to real-world conditions); and these discrepancies can lead to raising the instability of the LIB. Therefore, further advancement is required in order to have higher accuracy in SoC estimation in BEV LIBs. SoC estimation is a key BMS feature, and precise modeling and state estimation will improve stable operation. This review discusses current methods use in BEV LIB SoC modelling and estimation. The review culminates in a brief discussion of challenges in BEV LIB SoC prediction analysis.

Suggested Citation

  • Ingvild B. Espedal & Asanthi Jinasena & Odne S. Burheim & Jacob J. Lamb, 2021. "Current Trends for State-of-Charge (SoC) Estimation in Lithium-Ion Battery Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-24, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3284-:d:568712
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/11/3284/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/11/3284/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Waag, Wladislaw & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2013. "Adaptive estimation of the electromotive force of the lithium-ion battery after current interruption for an accurate state-of-charge and capacity determination," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 416-427.
    2. Wang, Yujie & Tian, Jiaqiang & Sun, Zhendong & Wang, Li & Xu, Ruilong & Li, Mince & Chen, Zonghai, 2020. "A comprehensive review of battery modeling and state estimation approaches for advanced battery management systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    3. Zhihao Yu & Ruituo Huai & Linjing Xiao, 2015. "State-of-Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a Kalman Filter Based on Local Linearization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-20, July.
    4. Wang, Yujie & Liu, Chang & Pan, Rui & Chen, Zonghai, 2017. "Modeling and state-of-charge prediction of lithium-ion battery and ultracapacitor hybrids with a co-estimator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 739-750.
    5. Dai, Haifeng & Wei, Xuezhe & Sun, Zechang & Wang, Jiayuan & Gu, Weijun, 2012. "Online cell SOC estimation of Li-ion battery packs using a dual time-scale Kalman filtering for EV applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 227-237.
    6. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S.H. & Hussain, A. & Mohamed, A., 2017. "A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 834-854.
    7. Bi, Yalan & Choe, Song-Yul, 2020. "An adaptive sigma-point Kalman filter with state equality constraints for online state-of-charge estimation of a Li(NiMnCo)O2/Carbon battery using a reduced-order electrochemical model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    8. Qiao Zhu & Neng Xiong & Ming-Liang Yang & Rui-Sen Huang & Guang-Di Hu, 2017. "State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Nonlinear Observer: An H ∞ Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-19, May.
    9. Dong, Guangzhong & Wei, Jingwen & Zhang, Chenbin & Chen, Zonghai, 2016. "Online state of charge estimation and open circuit voltage hysteresis modeling of LiFePO4 battery using invariant imbedding method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 163-171.
    10. Lingling Li & Pengchong Wang & Kuei-Hsiang Chao & Yatong Zhou & Yang Xie, 2016. "Remaining Useful Life Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Gaussian Processes Mixture," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(9), pages 1-13, September.
    11. Xiaosong Hu & Fengchun Sun & Yuan Zou, 2010. "Estimation of State of Charge of a Lithium-Ion Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Using an Adaptive Luenberger Observer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 3(9), pages 1-18, September.
    12. Mu, Hao & Xiong, Rui & Zheng, Hongfei & Chang, Yuhua & Chen, Zeyu, 2017. "A novel fractional order model based state-of-charge estimation method for lithium-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 384-393.
    13. Caiping Zhang & Jiuchun Jiang & Linjing Zhang & Sijia Liu & Leyi Wang & Poh Chiang Loh, 2016. "A Generalized SOC-OCV Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries and the SOC Estimation for LNMCO Battery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-16, November.
    14. Xia, Bizhong & Cui, Deyu & Sun, Zhen & Lao, Zizhou & Zhang, Ruifeng & Wang, Wei & Sun, Wei & Lai, Yongzhi & Wang, Mingwang, 2018. "State of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries using optimized Levenberg-Marquardt wavelet neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 694-705.
    15. Yun Bao & Wenbin Dong & Dian Wang, 2018. "Online Internal Resistance Measurement Application in Lithium Ion Battery Capacity and State of Charge Estimation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-11, April.
    16. Xiangwei Guo & Longyun Kang & Yuan Yao & Zhizhen Huang & Wenbiao Li, 2016. "Joint Estimation of the Electric Vehicle Power Battery State of Charge Based on the Least Squares Method and the Kalman Filter Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-16, February.
    17. Wang, Yujie & Chen, Zonghai, 2020. "A framework for state-of-charge and remaining discharge time prediction using unscented particle filter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    18. Hu, Xiaosong & Jiang, Haifu & Feng, Fei & Liu, Bo, 2020. "An enhanced multi-state estimation hierarchy for advanced lithium-ion battery management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    19. Wang, Qian-Kun & He, Yi-Jun & Shen, Jia-Ni & Ma, Zi-Feng & Zhong, Guo-Bin, 2017. "A unified modeling framework for lithium-ion batteries: An artificial neural network based thermal coupled equivalent circuit model approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 118-132.
    20. Liu, Xingtao & Chen, Zonghai & Zhang, Chenbin & Wu, Ji, 2014. "A novel temperature-compensated model for power Li-ion batteries with dual-particle-filter state of charge estimation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 263-272.
    21. Wang, Yujie & Chen, Zonghai & Zhang, Chenbin, 2017. "On-line remaining energy prediction: A case study in embedded battery management system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 688-695.
    22. Zhu, Qiao & Xu, Mengen & Liu, Weiqun & Zheng, Mengqian, 2019. "A state of charge estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on fractional order adaptive extended kalman filter," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    23. Shichun Yang & Cheng Deng & Yulong Zhang & Yongling He, 2017. "State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery with a Temperature-Compensated Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-14, October.
    24. Yigeng Huangfu & Jiani Xu & Dongdong Zhao & Yuntian Liu & Fei Gao, 2018. "A Novel Battery State of Charge Estimation Method Based on a Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Observer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-21, May.
    25. Zheng, Linfeng & Zhang, Lei & Zhu, Jianguo & Wang, Guoxiu & Jiang, Jiuchun, 2016. "Co-estimation of state-of-charge, capacity and resistance for lithium-ion batteries based on a high-fidelity electrochemical model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 424-434.
    26. Daehyun Kim & Keunhwi Koo & Jae Jin Jeong & Taedong Goh & Sang Woo Kim, 2013. "Second-Order Discrete-Time Sliding Mode Observer for State of Charge Determination Based on a Dynamic Resistance Li-Ion Battery Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(10), pages 1-14, October.
    27. He, Yao & Liu, XingTao & Zhang, ChenBin & Chen, ZongHai, 2013. "A new model for State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation for high-power Li-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 808-814.
    28. Liu, Guoan & Xu, Cheng & Li, Haomiao & Jiang, Kai & Wang, Kangli, 2019. "State of charge and online model parameters co-estimation for liquid metal batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 677-684.
    29. Peng, Jiankun & Luo, Jiayi & He, Hongwen & Lu, Bing, 2019. "An improved state of charge estimation method based on cubature Kalman filter for lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    30. Miaomiao Zeng & Peng Zhang & Yang Yang & Changjun Xie & Ying Shi, 2019. "SOC and SOH Joint Estimation of the Power Batteries Based on Fuzzy Unscented Kalman Filtering Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-15, August.
    31. Song, Yuchen & Liu, Datong & Liao, Haitao & Peng, Yu, 2020. "A hybrid statistical data-driven method for on-line joint state estimation of lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    32. Qingxia Yang & Jun Xu & Binggang Cao & Xiuqing Li, 2017. "A simplified fractional order impedance model and parameter identification method for lithium-ion batteries," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(2), pages 1-13, February.
    33. Fei Feng & Rengui Lu & Chunbo Zhu, 2014. "A Combined State of Charge Estimation Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in a Wide Ambient Temperature Range," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-29, May.
    34. Bizhong Xia & Zhen Sun & Ruifeng Zhang & Deyu Cui & Zizhou Lao & Wei Wang & Wei Sun & Yongzhi Lai & Mingwang Wang, 2017. "A Comparative Study of Three Improved Algorithms Based on Particle Filter Algorithms in SOC Estimation of Lithium Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-14, August.
    35. Xiong, Rui & Sun, Fengchun & Chen, Zheng & He, Hongwen, 2014. "A data-driven multi-scale extended Kalman filtering based parameter and state estimation approach of lithium-ion olymer battery in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 463-476.
    36. Sun, Fengchun & Hu, Xiaosong & Zou, Yuan & Li, Siguang, 2011. "Adaptive unscented Kalman filtering for state of charge estimation of a lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3531-3540.
    37. Sun, Fengchun & Xiong, Rui & He, Hongwen, 2016. "A systematic state-of-charge estimation framework for multi-cell battery pack in electric vehicles using bias correction technique," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1399-1409.
    38. Li, Xue & Jiang, Jiuchun & Wang, Le Yi & Chen, Dafen & Zhang, Yanru & Zhang, Caiping, 2016. "A capacity model based on charging process for state of health estimation of lithium ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 537-543.
    39. Cuma, Mehmet Ugras & Koroglu, Tahsin, 2015. "A comprehensive review on estimation strategies used in hybrid and battery electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 517-531.
    40. Daehyun Kim & Taedong Goh & Minjun Park & Sang Woo Kim, 2015. "Fuzzy Sliding Mode Observer with Grey Prediction for the Estimation of the State-of-Charge of a Lithium-Ion Battery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-20, November.
    41. Zou, Yuan & Li, Shengbo Eben & Shao, Bing & Wang, Baojin, 2016. "State-space model with non-integer order derivatives for lithium-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 330-336.
    42. Shen, Yanqing, 2014. "Hybrid unscented particle filter based state-of-charge determination for lead-acid batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 795-803.
    43. Xing, Yinjiao & He, Wei & Pecht, Michael & Tsui, Kwok Leung, 2014. "State of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries using the open-circuit voltage at various ambient temperatures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 106-115.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yu Feng & Xiaochun Lu, 2021. "Construction Planning and Operation of Battery Swapping Stations for Electric Vehicles: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Gul, Eid & Baldinelli, Giorgio & Bartocci, Pietro & Bianchi, Francesco & Domenghini, Piergiovanni & Cotana, Franco & Wang, Jinwen, 2022. "A techno-economic analysis of a solar PV and DC battery storage system for a community energy sharing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    3. Buchicchio, Emanuele & De Angelis, Alessio & Santoni, Francesco & Carbone, Paolo & Bianconi, Francesco & Smeraldi, Fabrizio, 2023. "Battery SOC estimation from EIS data based on machine learning and equivalent circuit model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    4. Saleh Mohammed Shahriar & Erphan A. Bhuiyan & Md. Nahiduzzaman & Mominul Ahsan & Julfikar Haider, 2022. "State of Charge Estimation for Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems Using the Hybrid Recurrent Learning Approach with Explainable Artificial Intelligence," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-26, October.
    5. Yinfeng Jiang & Wenxiang Song & Hao Zhu & Yun Zhu & Yongzhi Du & Huichun Yin, 2022. "Extended Rauch–Tung–Striebel Smoother for the State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on an Enhanced Circuit Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-17, January.
    6. Stefano Leonori & Luca Baldini & Antonello Rizzi & Fabio Massimo Frattale Mascioli, 2021. "A Physically Inspired Equivalent Neural Network Circuit Model for SoC Estimation of Electrochemical Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-29, November.
    7. Takyi-Aninakwa, Paul & Wang, Shunli & Zhang, Hongying & Yang, Xiao & Fernandez, Carlos, 2023. "A hybrid probabilistic correction model for the state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries considering dynamic currents and temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    8. Takyi-Aninakwa, Paul & Wang, Shunli & Zhang, Hongying & Li, Huan & Xu, Wenhua & Fernandez, Carlos, 2022. "An optimized relevant long short-term memory-squared gain extended Kalman filter for the state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    9. Péter Földesi & László T. Kóczy & Ferenc Szauter & Dániel Csikor & Szabolcs Kocsis Szürke, 2022. "Hierarchical Diagnostics and Risk Assessment for Energy Supply in Military Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-16, June.
    10. E, Jiaqiang & Zhang, Bin & Zeng, Yan & Wen, Ming & Wei, Kexiang & Huang, Zhonghua & Chen, Jingwei & Zhu, Hao & Deng, Yuanwang, 2022. "Effects analysis on active equalization control of lithium-ion batteries based on intelligent estimation of the state-of-charge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    11. Amiri, Mahshid N. & Håkansson, Anne & Burheim, Odne S. & Lamb, Jacob J., 2024. "Lithium-ion battery digitalization: Combining physics-based models and machine learning," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    12. Mattia Stighezza & Valentina Bianchi & Ilaria De Munari, 2021. "FPGA Implementation of an Ant Colony Optimization Based SVM Algorithm for State of Charge Estimation in Li-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-12, October.
    13. Lai, Rucong & Wang, Jie & Tian, Yong & Tian, Jindong, 2024. "FedCBE: A federated-learning-based collaborative battery estimation system with non-IID data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 368(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Yujie & Tian, Jiaqiang & Sun, Zhendong & Wang, Li & Xu, Ruilong & Li, Mince & Chen, Zonghai, 2020. "A comprehensive review of battery modeling and state estimation approaches for advanced battery management systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    2. Muhammad Umair Ali & Amad Zafar & Sarvar Hussain Nengroo & Sadam Hussain & Muhammad Junaid Alvi & Hee-Je Kim, 2019. "Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-33, January.
    3. Shrivastava, Prashant & Soon, Tey Kok & Idris, Mohd Yamani Idna Bin & Mekhilef, Saad, 2019. "Overview of model-based online state-of-charge estimation using Kalman filter family for lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    4. Dai, Haifeng & Jiang, Bo & Hu, Xiaosong & Lin, Xianke & Wei, Xuezhe & Pecht, Michael, 2021. "Advanced battery management strategies for a sustainable energy future: Multilayer design concepts and research trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    5. Ruifeng Zhang & Bizhong Xia & Baohua Li & Libo Cao & Yongzhi Lai & Weiwei Zheng & Huawen Wang & Wei Wang, 2018. "State of the Art of Lithium-Ion Battery SOC Estimation for Electrical Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-36, July.
    6. Lin, Cheng & Yu, Quanqing & Xiong, Rui & Wang, Le Yi, 2017. "A study on the impact of open circuit voltage tests on state of charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 892-902.
    7. Zheng, Fangdan & Xing, Yinjiao & Jiang, Jiuchun & Sun, Bingxiang & Kim, Jonghoon & Pecht, Michael, 2016. "Influence of different open circuit voltage tests on state of charge online estimation for lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 513-525.
    8. Cuma, Mehmet Ugras & Koroglu, Tahsin, 2015. "A comprehensive review on estimation strategies used in hybrid and battery electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 517-531.
    9. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S.H. & Hussain, A. & Mohamed, A., 2017. "A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 834-854.
    10. Zhongbao Wei & Feng Leng & Zhongjie He & Wenyu Zhang & Kaiyuan Li, 2018. "Online State of Charge and State of Health Estimation for a Lithium-Ion Battery Based on a Data–Model Fusion Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-16, July.
    11. Shifei Yuan & Hongjie Wu & Xuerui Ma & Chengliang Yin, 2015. "Stability Analysis for Li-Ion Battery Model Parameters and State of Charge Estimation by Measurement Uncertainty Consideration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-23, July.
    12. Miquel Martí-Florences & Andreu Cecilia & Ramon Costa-Castelló, 2023. "Modelling and Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-36, September.
    13. Oh, Ki-Yong & Epureanu, Bogdan I., 2016. "Characterization and modeling of the thermal mechanics of lithium-ion battery cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 633-646.
    14. He, Lin & Wang, Yangyang & Wei, Yujiang & Wang, Mingwei & Hu, Xiaosong & Shi, Qin, 2022. "An adaptive central difference Kalman filter approach for state of charge estimation by fractional order model of lithium-ion battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PA).
    15. Zhao, Xinze & Sun, Bingxiang & Zhang, Weige & He, Xitian & Ma, Shichang & Zhang, Junwei & Liu, Xiaopeng, 2024. "Error theory study on EKF-based SOC and effective error estimation strategy for Li-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    16. Jiang, Bo & Dai, Haifeng & Wei, Xuezhe & Xu, Tianjiao, 2019. "Joint estimation of lithium-ion battery state of charge and capacity within an adaptive variable multi-timescale framework considering current measurement offset," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    17. Turksoy, Arzu & Teke, Ahmet & Alkaya, Alkan, 2020. "A comprehensive overview of the dc-dc converter-based battery charge balancing methods in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    18. Agarwal, Daksh & Potnuru, Rakesh & Kaushik, Chiranjeev & Darla, Vinay Rajesh & Kulkarni, Kaustubh & Garg, Ashish & Gupta, Raju Kumar & Tiwari, Naveen & Nalwa, Kanwar Singh, 2022. "Recent advances in the modeling of fundamental processes in liquid metal batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    19. Hu, Lin & Hu, Xiaosong & Che, Yunhong & Feng, Fei & Lin, Xianke & Zhang, Zhiyong, 2020. "Reliable state of charge estimation of battery packs using fuzzy adaptive federated filtering," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    20. Bizhong Xia & Wenhui Zheng & Ruifeng Zhang & Zizhou Lao & Zhen Sun, 2017. "A Novel Observer for Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation in Electric Vehicles Based on a Second-Order Equivalent Circuit Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-20, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3284-:d:568712. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.