Lifecycle cost assessment and carbon dioxide emissions of diesel, natural gas, hybrid electric, fuel cell hybrid and electric transit buses

Citations

Cited by:

1. -, 2020. "Performance indicators associated with low-carbon energy technologies in Brazil: Evidence for an energy big push," Coediciones, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), number 45942 edited by Eclac.
2. Mominul Islam, Shah Mohammad & Salema, Arshad Adam & Saleheen, Mohammed Zeehan & Lim, Joanne Mun Yee, 2022. "The influence of shifting the electric bus charging routine on the techno-economic performance of a solar-powered bus depot," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PD).
3. Congguang Zhang & Jiaming Sun & Jieying Ma & Fuqing Xu & Ling Qiu, 2019. "Environmental Assessment of a Hybrid Solar-Biomass Energy Supplying System: A Case Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-14, June.
4. Lin, Boqiang & Tan, Ruipeng, 2017. "Are people willing to pay more for new energy bus fares?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 365-372.
5. Karaca, Ali Erdogan & Dincer, Ibrahim & Nitefor, Michael, 2022. "Analysis of a newly developed hybrid pneumatic powertrain configuration for transit bus applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
6. Ahmadi, Pouria & Raeesi, Mehrdad & Changizian, Sina & Teimouri, Aidin & Khoshnevisan, Alireza, 2022. "Lifecycle assessment of diesel, diesel-electric and hydrogen fuel cell transit buses with fuel cell degradation and battery aging using machine learning techniques," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
7. Li, Xiangyi & Castellanos, Sebastian & Maassen, Anne, 2018. "Emerging trends and innovations for electric bus adoption—a comparative case study of contracting and financing of 22 cities in the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 470-481.
8. Zhao, Li & Ke, Hanchen & Li, Yuqi & Chen, Yong, 2023. "Research on personalized charging strategy of electric bus under time-varying constraints," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
9. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Lago Sari, Rafael & Tripathi, Shashwat, 2022. "Life cycle CO₂ footprint reduction comparison of hybrid and electric buses for bus transit networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
10. Harris, Andrew & Soban, Danielle & Smyth, Beatrice M. & Best, Robert, 2018. "Assessing life cycle impacts and the risk and uncertainty of alternative bus technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 569-579.
11. Harris, Andrew & Soban, Danielle & Smyth, Beatrice M. & Best, Robert, 2020. "A probabilistic fleet analysis for energy consumption, life cycle cost and greenhouse gas emissions modelling of bus technologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
12. Shaohua Cui & Hui Zhao & Cuiping Zhang, 2018. "Multiple Types of Plug-In Charging Facilities’ Location-Routing Problem with Time Windows for Mobile Charging Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-26, August.
13. Vepsäläinen, Jari & Otto, Kevin & Lajunen, Antti & Tammi, Kari, 2019. "Computationally efficient model for energy demand prediction of electric city bus in varying operating conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 433-443.
14. Halder, Pobitra & Babaie, Meisam & Salek, Farhad & Shah, Kalpit & Stevanovic, Svetlana & Bodisco, Timothy A. & Zare, Ali, 2024. "Performance, emissions and economic analyses of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
15. Umair Hasan & Andrew Whyte & Hamad AlJassmi, 2022. "A Microsimulation Modelling Approach to Quantify Environmental Footprint of Autonomous Buses," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-31, November.
16. Kunyang Chen & Guobin Zhang & Huanyu Wu & Ruichang Mao & Xiangsheng Chen, 2022. "Uncovering the Carbon Emission Intensity and Reduction Potentials of the Metro Operation Phase: A Case Study in Shenzhen Megacity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-20, December.
17. Bruno Dalla Chiara & Giovanni Pede & Francesco Deflorio & Marco Zanini, 2023. "Electrifying Buses for Public Transport: Boundaries with a Performance Analysis Based on Method and Experience," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-33, September.
18. Lee, Dong-Yeon & Elgowainy, Amgad & Vijayagopal, Ram, 2019. "Well-to-wheel environmental implications of fuel economy targets for hydrogen fuel cell electric buses in the United States," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 565-583.
19. Christian Spreafico & Davide Russo, 2020. "Exploiting the Scientific Literature for Performing Life Cycle Assessment about Transportation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-24, September.
20. Tommy Rosén & Louise Ödlund, 2019. "System Perspective on Biogas Use for Transport and Electricity Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-13, October.
21. Sun, Yu & Cui, Yin, 2018. "Evaluating the coordinated development of economic, social and environmental benefits of urban public transportation infrastructure: Case study of four Chinese autonomous municipalities," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 116-126.
22. Aydin, Muhammed Iberia & Dincer, Ibrahim, 2022. "An assessment study on various clean hydrogen production methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
23. Balali, Yasaman & Stegen, Sascha, 2021. "Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
24. Ajanovic, A. & Glatt, A. & Haas, R., 2021. "Prospects and impediments for hydrogen fuel cell buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
25. Zhao, Li & Ke, Hanchen & Huo, Weiwei, 2023. "A frequency item mining based energy consumption prediction method for electric bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
26. Dietmar Göhlich & Kai Nagel & Anne Magdalene Syré & Alexander Grahle & Kai Martins-Turner & Ricardo Ewert & Ricardo Miranda Jahn & Dominic Jefferies, 2021. "Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-31, January.
27. Comello, Stephen & Glenk, Gunther & Reichelstein, Stefan, 2021. "Transitioning to clean energy transportation services: Life-cycle cost analysis for vehicle fleets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
28. Wei Qin & Linhong Wang & Yuhan Liu & Cheng Xu, 2021. "Energy Consumption Estimation of the Electric Bus Based on Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm and Support Vector Machine Regression," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-20, April.
29. Shaohua Cui & Hui Zhao & Cuiping Zhang, 2018. "Locating Charging Stations of Various Sizes with Different Numbers of Chargers for Battery Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-22, November.
30. Li, Pengshun & Zhang, Yi & Zhang, Yi & Zhang, Kai & Jiang, Mengyan, 2021. "The effects of dynamic traffic conditions, route characteristics and environmental conditions on trip-based electricity consumption prediction of electric bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
31. Say, Kelvin & Brown, Felix Gabriel & Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna, 2024. "The economics of public transport electrification: When does infrastructure investment matter?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 360(C).
32. Correa, G. & Muñoz, P. & Falaguerra, T. & Rodriguez, C.R., 2017. "Performance comparison of conventional, hybrid, hydrogen and electric urban buses using well to wheel analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 537-549.
33. Karaca, Ali Erdogan & Dincer, Ibrahim, 2021. "A hybrid compressed natural gas-pneumatic system as a powering option for buses: A comparative assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
34. Bálint Csonka, 2021. "Optimization of Static and Dynamic Charging Infrastructure for Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, June.
35. Holland, Stephen P. & Mansur, Erin T. & Muller, Nicholas Z. & Yates, Andrew J., 2021. "The environmental benefits of transportation electrification: Urban buses," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PA).
36. Paulo J. G. Ribeiro & José F. G. Mendes, 2022. "Public Transport Decarbonization via Urban Bus Fleet Replacement in Portugal," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-16, June.
37. Nan, Sirui & Tu, Ran & Li, Tiezhu & Sun, Jian & Chen, Haibo, 2022. "From driving behavior to energy consumption: A novel method to predict the energy consumption of electric bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
38. Hanhee Kim & Niklas Hartmann & Maxime Zeller & Renato Luise & Tamer Soylu, 2021. "Comparative TCO Analysis of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Public Transport System in Small to Midsize Cities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-31, July.
39. Kuyumcu, Alen Murat & Bingül, Barış & Akar, Fırat & Yıldız, Aleyna, 2024. "Well-to-wheel carbon footprint and cost analysis of gasoline, diesel, hydrogen ICE, hybrid and fully electric city buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
40. Alves, Luís & Pereira, Vítor & Lagarteira, Tiago & Mendes, Adélio, 2021. "Catalytic methane decomposition to boost the energy transition: Scientific and technological advancements," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
41. Badia, Hugo & Jenelius, Erik, 2021. "Design and operation of feeder systems in the era of automated and electric buses," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 146-172.
42. Bitzan, John D. & Ripplinger, David G., 2016. "Public transit and alternative fuels – The costs associated with using biodiesel and CNG in comparison to diesel for U.S. public transit systems," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 17-30.
43. Vallera, A.M. & Nunes, P.M. & Brito, M.C., 2021. "Why we need battery swapping technology," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
44. Ji-Hee Son & Jeawon Kim & Wona Lee & Songhee Han, 2022. "Willingness to Pay for the Public Electric Bus in Nepal: A Contingent Valuation Method Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-14, October.
45. Antti Lajunen & Panu Sainio & Lasse Laurila & Jenni Pippuri-Mäkeläinen & Kari Tammi, 2018. "Overview of Powertrain Electrification and Future Scenarios for Non-Road Mobile Machinery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-22, May.
46. Khan, Faizan A. & Mekhilef, Saad & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Ab Aziz, Nur Fadilah & Pal, Nitai & Yaseen, Aftab & Yadav, Ashiwani & Asim, Mohammed & Alshammari, Obaid, 2024. "Design and development of grid independent integrated energy system for electric vehicle charging stations at different locations in Malaysia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
47. Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja & Ekambaram, Porpatham & Subramanian, Jayagopal & Shamim, Tariq, 2022. "A comprehensive review on the current trends, challenges and future prospects for sustainable mobility," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
48. Qin, Nan & Gusrialdi, Azwirman & Paul Brooker, R. & T-Raissi, Ali, 2016. "Numerical analysis of electric bus fast charging strategies for demand charge reduction," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 386-396.
49. Sofia Dahlgren & Jonas Ammenberg, 2021. "Sustainability Assessment of Public Transport, Part II—Applying a Multi-Criteria Assessment Method to Compare Different Bus Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-30, January.
50. Rupp, Matthias & Handschuh, Nils & Rieke, Christian & Kuperjans, Isabel, 2019. "Contribution of country-specific electricity mix and charging time to environmental impact of battery electric vehicles: A case study of electric buses in Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 618-634.
51. Ma, Xiaolei & Miao, Ran & Wu, Xinkai & Liu, Xianglong, 2021. "Examining influential factors on the energy consumption of electric and diesel buses: A data-driven analysis of large-scale public transit network in Beijing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
52. Gunther Friedl & Stefan Reichelstein & Amadeus Bach & Maximilian Blaschke & Lukas Kemmer, 2023. "Applications of the levelized cost concept," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(6), pages 1125-1148, August.
53. Bao, Shuyue & Sun, Ping & Zhu, Jianxin & Ji, Qian & Liu, Junheng, 2022. "Improved multi-dimensional dynamic programming energy management strategy for a vehicle power-split hybrid powertrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
54. István Árpád & Judit T. Kiss & Gábor Bellér & Dénes Kocsis, 2021. "Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO 2 Emission in Hungary," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-15, July.
55. Xinkuo Xu & Xiaofeng Lv & Liyan Han, 2019. "Carbon Asset of Electrification: Valuing the Transition from Fossil Fuel-Powered Buses to Battery Electric Buses in Beijing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-16, May.
56. He, Yi & Liu, Zhaocai & Song, Ziqi, 2020. "Optimal charging scheduling and management for a fast-charging battery electric bus system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
57. Wang, Yusheng & Huang, Yongxi & Xu, Jiuping & Barclay, Nicole, 2017. "Optimal recharging scheduling for urban electric buses: A case study in Davis," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 115-132.
58. Paulo J. G. Ribeiro & José F. G. Mendes, 2022. "Towards Zero CO 2 Emissions from Public Transport: The Pathway to the Decarbonization of the Portuguese Urban Bus Fleet," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-15, July.
59. Nie, Qingyun & Zhang, Lihui & Tong, Zihao & Hubacek, Klaus, 2022. "Strategies for applying carbon trading to the new energy vehicle market in China: An improved evolutionary game analysis for the bus industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
60. Ali Saadon Al-Ogaili & Ali Q. Al-Shetwi & Hussein M. K. Al-Masri & Thanikanti Sudhakar Babu & Yap Hoon & Khaled Alzaareer & N. V. Phanendra Babu, 2021. "Review of the Estimation Methods of Energy Consumption for Battery Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-28, November.
61. Say, Kelvin & Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna & Brown, Felix Gabriel & Wang, Changlong, 2024. "The economics of public transport electrification: The charging dilemma," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
62. Basma, Hussein & Mansour, Charbel & Haddad, Marc & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2022. "Energy consumption and battery sizing for different types of electric bus service," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
63. Xylia, Maria & Silveira, Semida, 2018. "The role of charging technologies in upscaling the use of electric buses in public transport: Experiences from demonstration projects," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 399-415.
64. Roman Michael Sennefelder & Rubén Martín-Clemente & Ramón González-Carvajal, 2023. "Energy Consumption Prediction of Electric City Buses Using Multiple Linear Regression," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-14, May.
65. Lilis Yuaningsih & R. Adjeng Mariana Febrianti & Hafiz Waqas Kamran, 2020. "Reducing CO2 Emissions through Biogas, Wind and Solar Energy Production: Evidence from Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(6), pages 684-689.
66. Alberto Romero-Ania & Lourdes Rivero Gutiérrez & María Auxiliadora De Vicente Oliva, 2021. "Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis of Sustainable Urban Public Transport Systems," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(16), pages 1-30, August.
67. Comello, Stephen & Glenk, Gunther & Reichelstein, Stefan, 2020. "Cost-efficient transition to clean energy transportation services," ZEW Discussion Papers 20-054, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
68. John O. Olawepo & L.-W. Antony Chen, 2019. "Health Benefits from Upgrading Public Buses for Cleaner Air: A Case Study of Clark County, Nevada and the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-10, February.
69. Manzolli, Jônatas Augusto & Trovão, João Pedro & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2022. "A review of electric bus vehicles research topics – Methods and trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
70. Yajing Gao & Shixiao Guo & Jiafeng Ren & Zheng Zhao & Ali Ehsan & Yanan Zheng, 2018. "An Electric Bus Power Consumption Model and Optimization of Charging Scheduling Concerning Multi-External Factors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-17, August.
71. Saadon Al-Ogaili, Ali & Ramasamy, Agileswari & Juhana Tengku Hashim, Tengku & Al-Masri, Ahmed N. & Hoon, Yap & Neamah Jebur, Mustafa & Verayiah, Renuga & Marsadek, Marayati, 2020. "Estimation of the energy consumption of battery driven electric buses by integrating digital elevation and longitudinal dynamic models: Malaysia as a case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
72. Philipp Glücker & Klaus Kivekäs & Jari Vepsäläinen & Panagiotis Mouratidis & Maximilian Schneider & Stephan Rinderknecht & Kari Tammi, 2021. "Prolongation of Battery Lifetime for Electric Buses through Flywheel Integration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-19, February.
73. Zhao, Rui & Liu, Jie & Gu, Junjie, 2017. "A comprehensive study on Li-ion battery nail penetrations and the possible solutions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 392-401.
74. Klaus Kivekäs & Antti Lajunen & Jari Vepsäläinen & Kari Tammi, 2018. "City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-26, July.
75. Wu, Xiaomei & Feng, Qijin & Bai, Chenchen & Lai, Chun Sing & Jia, Youwei & Lai, Loi Lei, 2021. "A novel fast-charging stations locational planning model for electric bus transit system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
76. Mustafa Hamurcu & Tamer Eren, 2020. "Electric Bus Selection with Multicriteria Decision Analysis for Green Transportation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, April.
77. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.
78. Xinkuo Xu & Liyan Han, 2020. "Operational Lifecycle Carbon Value of Bus Electrification in Macau," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-18, May.
79. Kumar Sunil & Jayaswal, Sachin & Garg, Amit, 2018. "Charging infrastructure optimization for electric buses using mixed integer linear programming," IIMA Working Papers WP 2018-12-03, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department.
80. Siavash Khalili & Eetu Rantanen & Dmitrii Bogdanov & Christian Breyer, 2019. "Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-54, October.
81. Stephen P. Holland & Erin T. Mansur & Nicholas Z. Muller & Andrew J. Yates, 2020. "The Environmental Benefits from Transportation Electrification: Urban Buses," NBER Working Papers 27285, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
82. Brinkel, Nico & Zijlstra, Marle & van Bezu, Ronald & van Twuijver, Tim & Lampropoulos, Ioannis & van Sark, Wilfried, 2023. "A comparative analysis of charging strategies for battery electric buses in wholesale electricity and ancillary services markets," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
83. Sadik-Zada, Elkhan Richard & Santibanez Gonzalez, Ernesto DR & Gatto, Andrea & Althaus, Tomasz & Quliyev, Fuad, 2023. "Pathways to the hydrogen mobility futures in German public transportation: A scenario analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 384-392.
84. Zakaria, Zulfirdaus & Kamarudin, Siti Kartom & Abd Wahid, Khairul Anuar & Abu Hassan, Saiful Hasmady, 2021. "The progress of fuel cell for malaysian residential consumption: Energy status and prospects to introduction as a renewable power generation system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
85. Gang Chen & Dawei Hu & Steven Chien & Lei Guo & Mingzheng Liu, 2020. "Optimizing Wireless Charging Locations for Battery Electric Bus Transit with a Genetic Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-20, October.
86. Gallet, Marc & Massier, Tobias & Hamacher, Thomas, 2018. "Estimation of the energy demand of electric buses based on real-world data for large-scale public transport networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 344-356.
87. Li, Pengshun & Zhang, Yuhang & Zhang, Yi & Zhang, Yi & Zhang, Kai, 2021. "Prediction of electric bus energy consumption with stochastic speed profile generation modelling and data driven method based on real-world big data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
88. Say, Kelvin & Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna & Brown, Felix Gabriel & Wang, Changlong, 2023. "The economics of public transport electrification: A case study from Victoria, Australia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
89. Lim, Lek Keng & Muis, Zarina Ab & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Bong, Cassendra Phun Chien, 2023. "Review of the energy forecasting and scheduling model for electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
90. Ting Wang & Kaiyi Li & Defu Liu & Yang Yang & Dong Wu, 2022. "Estimating the Carbon Emission of Construction Waste Recycling Using Grey Model and Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study of Shanghai," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-16, July.
91. Stropnik, R. & Sekavčnik, M. & Ferriz, A.M. & Mori, M., 2018. "Reducing environmental impacts of the ups system based on PEM fuel cell with circular economy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 824-835.
92. Cong, Yuan & Wang, Heqi & Bie, Yiming & Wu, Jiabin, 2023. "Double-battery configuration method for electric bus operation in cold regions," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
93. Neil Quarles & Kara M. Kockelman & Moataz Mohamed, 2020. "Costs and Benefits of Electrifying and Automating Bus Transit Fleets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-15, May.