Review of the energy forecasting and scheduling model for electric buses

Electric buses are getting more interest to be implemented in the public transport sector by different countries as a carbon mitigation strategy. However, there are a few issues with electric buses such as limited driving range and long recharging time compared to the conventional diesel bus. Due to its limited energy storage, estimation of the energy consumption for the electric buses becomes a crucial research area to prevent sufficient energy for electric buses during the service. The long recharging time of the electric buses requires a vehicle and a charging scheduling to ensure fulfilling the passenger demand without compromising the energy demand. The paper will review the state-of-the-art model for the energy forecasting model of the electric buses and electric bus charging scheduling models. The paper then compares the parameter in the energy forecasting model, the optimization objective, the charger technology, the charging pattern, and the constraint in the electric bus scheduling model. The purpose is to provide a well-structured comprehensive review on these energy forecasting and electric bus charging scheduling for engineers, researchers, investors, policy makers, bus depot companies, and other interested parties.