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The environmental impact of Li-Ion batteries and the role of key parameters – A review

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  1. Daniele Stampatori & Pier Paolo Raimondi & Michel Noussan, 2020. "Li-Ion Batteries: A Review of a Key Technology for Transport Decarbonization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-23, May.
  2. Kim Maya Yavor & Vanessa Bach & Matthias Finkbeiner, 2021. "Resource Assessment of Renewable Energy Systems—A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, May.
  3. Rachana Vidhi & Prasanna Shrivastava, 2018. "A Review of Electric Vehicle Lifecycle Emissions and Policy Recommendations to Increase EV Penetration in India," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-15, February.
  4. Ryuji Kawamoto & Hideo Mochizuki & Yoshihisa Moriguchi & Takahiro Nakano & Masayuki Motohashi & Yuji Sakai & Atsushi Inaba, 2019. "Estimation of CO 2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-15, May.
  5. Oscar Lagnelöv & Gunnar Larsson & Anders Larsolle & Per-Anders Hansson, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment of Autonomous Electric Field Tractors in Swedish Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-24, October.
  6. Zubi, Ghassan & Dufo-López, Rodolfo & Carvalho, Monica & Pasaoglu, Guzay, 2018. "The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 292-308.
  7. Mattia Rapa & Laura Gobbi & Roberto Ruggieri, 2020. "Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Electric Vehicles: Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing Evaluation of Electricity Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-16, November.
  8. Silvia Bobba & Isabella Bianco & Umberto Eynard & Samuel Carrara & Fabrice Mathieux & Gian Andrea Blengini, 2020. "Bridging Tools to Better Understand Environmental Performances and Raw Materials Supply of Traction Batteries in the Future EU Fleet," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-25, May.
  9. Kolahchian Tabrizi, Mehrshad & Bonalumi, Davide & Lozza, Giovanni Gustavo, 2024. "Analyzing the global warming potential of the production and utilization of lithium-ion batteries with nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode chemistries in European Gigafactories," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
  10. Pinto, Edwin S. & Gronier, Timothé & Franquet, Erwin & Serra, Luis M., 2023. "Opportunities and economic assessment for a third-party delivering electricity, heat and cold to residential buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
  11. Rémi Delage & Taichi Matsuoka & Toshihiko Nakata, 2021. "Spatial–Temporal Estimation and Analysis of Japan Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-12, April.
  12. Liu, Wenqiu & Liu, He & Liu, Wei & Cui, Zhaojie, 2021. "Life cycle assessment of power batteries used in electric bicycles in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
  13. Oda, Hiromu & Noguchi, Hiroki & Fuse, Masaaki, 2022. "Review of life cycle assessment for automobiles: A meta-analysis-based approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
  14. Federica Cucchiella & Idiano D’Adamo & Massimo Gastaldi, 2017. "The Economic Feasibility of Residential Energy Storage Combined with PV Panels: The Role of Subsidies in Italy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-18, September.
  15. Silje Nornes Bryntesen & Anders Hammer Strømman & Ignat Tolstorebrov & Paul R. Shearing & Jacob J. Lamb & Odne Stokke Burheim, 2021. "Opportunities for the State-of-the-Art Production of LIB Electrodes—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-41, March.
  16. Desreveaux, A. & Bouscayrol, A. & Trigui, R. & Hittinger, E. & Castex, E. & Sirbu, G.M., 2023. "Accurate energy consumption for comparison of climate change impact of thermal and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
  17. Manel Arribas-Ibar & Petra A. Nylund & Alexander Brem, 2021. "The Risk of Dissolution of Sustainable Innovation Ecosystems in Times of Crisis: The Electric Vehicle during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-14, January.
  18. Monios, Jason & Bergqvist, Rickard, 2020. "Logistics and the networked society: A conceptual framework for smart network business models using electric autonomous vehicles (EAVs)," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  19. Lechón, Yolanda & Lago, Carmen & Herrera, Israel & Gamarra, Ana Rosa & Pérula, Alberto, 2023. "Carbon benefits of different energy storage alternative end uses. Application to the Spanish case," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
  20. Yamaki, Ayumi & Fujii, Shoma & Kanematsu, Yuichiro & Kikuchi, Yasunori, 2023. "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of cogeneration energy hubs at Japanese paper mills with thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
  21. Tharsis Teoh & Oliver Kunze & Chee-Chong Teo & Yiik Diew Wong, 2018. "Decarbonisation of Urban Freight Transport Using Electric Vehicles and Opportunity Charging," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-20, September.
  22. Jie Yang & Fu Gu & Jianfeng Guo & Bin Chen, 2019. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Mobile Power Banks with Lithium-Ion Battery and Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-24, September.
  23. Marit Mohr & Jens F. Peters & Manuel Baumann & Marcel Weil, 2020. "Toward a cell‐chemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling processes," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 24(6), pages 1310-1322, December.
  24. Kristoffer W. Lie & Trym A. Synnevåg & Jacob J. Lamb & Kristian M. Lien, 2021. "The Carbon Footprint of Electrified City Buses: A Case Study in Trondheim, Norway," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-21, February.
  25. Krishnan, Syam G. & Arulraj, Arunachalam & Khalid, Mohammad & Reddy, M.V. & Jose, Rajan, 2021. "Energy storage in metal cobaltite electrodes: Opportunities & challenges in magnesium cobalt oxide," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
  26. John D. Graham & John A. Rupp & Eva Brungard, 2021. "Lithium in the Green Energy Transition: The Quest for Both Sustainability and Security," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-23, October.
  27. Yamaki, Ayumi & Kanematsu, Yuichiro & Kikuchi, Yasunori, 2020. "Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of thermal energy storage implemented in a paper mill for wind energy utilization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
  28. Kain Glensor & María Rosa Muñoz B., 2019. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Brazilian Transport Biofuel and Electrification Pathways," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-31, November.
  29. Dehghani-Sanij, A.R. & Tharumalingam, E. & Dusseault, M.B. & Fraser, R., 2019. "Study of energy storage systems and environmental challenges of batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 192-208.
  30. Ren, Zhijun & Li, Huajie & Yan, Wenyi & Lv, Weiguang & Zhang, Guangming & Lv, Longyi & Sun, Li & Sun, Zhi & Gao, Wenfang, 2023. "Comprehensive evaluation on production and recycling of lithium-ion batteries: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
  31. Christian Aichberger & Gerfried Jungmeier, 2020. "Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Automotive Batteries Based on a Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-27, December.
  32. Dietmar Göhlich & Kai Nagel & Anne Magdalene Syré & Alexander Grahle & Kai Martins-Turner & Ricardo Ewert & Ricardo Miranda Jahn & Dominic Jefferies, 2021. "Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-31, January.
  33. Maria Cecília Costa Lima & Luana Pereira Pontes & Andrea Sarmento Maia Vasconcelos & Washington de Araujo Silva Junior & Kunlin Wu, 2022. "Economic Aspects for Recycling of Used Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-19, March.
  34. Claudia Tomasini Montenegro & Jens F. Peters & Manuel Baumann & Zhirong Zhao-Karger & Christopher Wolter & Marcel Weil, 2021. "Environmental assessment of a new generation battery: The magnesium-sulfur system," Papers 2104.03794, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2021.
  35. Daniel Scharrer & Bernd Eppinger & Pascal Schmitt & Johan Zenk & Peter Bazan & Jürgen Karl & Stefan Will & Marco Pruckner & Reinhard German, 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Reversible Heat Pump–Organic Rankine Cycle–Heat Storage System with Geothermal Heat Supply," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, June.
  36. Ringkjøb, Hans-Kristian & Haugan, Peter M. & Nybø, Astrid, 2020. "Transitioning remote Arctic settlements to renewable energy systems – A modelling study of Longyearbyen, Svalbard," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
  37. Chatzisideris, Marios D. & Ohms, Pernille K. & Espinosa, Nieves & Krebs, Frederik C. & Laurent, Alexis, 2019. "Economic and environmental performances of organic photovoltaics with battery storage for residential self-consumption," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
  38. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy & Padmanathan Kasinathan & Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan & Vinoth Ramanathan & Ranjith Kumar Anandan & Umashankar Subramaniam & Aritra Ghosh & Eklas Hossain, 2021. "A Comprehensive Review on Sustainable Aspects of Big Data Analytics for the Smart Grid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-35, December.
  39. Picatoste, Aitor & Justel, Daniel & Mendoza, Joan Manuel F., 2022. "Circularity and life cycle environmental impact assessment of batteries for electric vehicles: Industrial challenges, best practices and research guidelines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
  40. Koh, S.C.L. & Smith, L. & Miah, J. & Astudillo, D. & Eufrasio, R.M. & Gladwin, D. & Brown, S. & Stone, D., 2021. "Higher 2nd life Lithium Titanate battery content in hybrid energy storage systems lowers environmental-economic impact and balances eco-efficiency," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  41. Siqin Xiong & Junping Ji & Xiaoming Ma, 2019. "Comparative Life Cycle Energy and GHG Emission Analysis for BEVs and PhEVs: A Case Study in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-17, March.
  42. Gallego-Castillo, Cristobal & Heleno, Miguel & Victoria, Marta, 2021. "Self-consumption for energy communities in Spain: A regional analysis under the new legal framework," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
  43. Steffen Kiemel & Chantal Rietdorf & Maximilian Schutzbach & Robert Miehe, 2022. "How to Simplify Life Cycle Assessment for Industrial Applications—A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-26, November.
  44. Federica Cucchiella & Idiano D’Adamo & Massimo Gastaldi & Vincenzo Stornelli, 2018. "Solar Photovoltaic Panels Combined with Energy Storage in a Residential Building: An Economic Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-29, August.
  45. Andrea Temporelli & Maria Leonor Carvalho & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: An Overview of Recent Literature," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-13, June.
  46. Peiseler, Leopold & Cabrera Serrenho, André, 2022. "How can current German and EU policies be improved to enhance the reduction of CO2 emissions of road transport? Revising policies on electric vehicles informed by stakeholder and technical assessments," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
  47. Baumann, Manuel & Weil, Marcel & Peters, Jens F. & Chibeles-Martins, Nelson & Moniz, Antonio B., 2019. "A review of multi-criteria decision making approaches for evaluating energy storage systems for grid applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 516-534.
  48. Zubi, Ghassan & Fracastoro, Gian Vincenzo & Lujano-Rojas, Juan M. & El Bakari, Khalil & Andrews, David, 2019. "The unlocked potential of solar home systems; an effective way to overcome domestic energy poverty in developing regions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1425-1435.
  49. Foad H. Gandoman & Emad M. Ahmed & Ziad M. Ali & Maitane Berecibar & Ahmed F. Zobaa & Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, 2021. "Reliability Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Batteries for E-Mobility Applications from Practical and Technical Perspectives: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-24, October.
  50. Ingela Tietze & Lukas Lazar & Heidi Hottenroth & Steffen Lewerenz, 2020. "LAEND: A Model for Multi-Objective Investment Optimisation of Residential Quarters Considering Costs and Environmental Impacts," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-22, February.
  51. Parlikar, Anupam & Truong, Cong Nam & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2021. "The carbon footprint of island grids with lithium-ion battery systems: An analysis based on levelized emissions of energy supply," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  52. Sonja Simon & Tobias Naegler & Hans Christian Gils, 2018. "Transformation towards a Renewable Energy System in Brazil and Mexico—Technological and Structural Options for Latin America," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-26, April.
  53. Cox, Brian & Bauer, Christian & Mendoza Beltran, Angelica & van Vuuren, Detlef P. & Mutel, Christopher L., 2020. "Life cycle environmental and cost comparison of current and future passenger cars under different energy scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
  54. Daniele Fiaschi & Giampaolo Manfrida & Karolina Petela & Federico Rossi & Adalgisa Sinicropi & Lorenzo Talluri, 2020. "Exergo-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Solar Integrated Thermo-Electric Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-21, July.
  55. Shafique, Muhammad & Azam, Anam & Rafiq, Muhammad & Luo, Xiaowei, 2022. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles: A case study of Hong Kong," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
  56. Nenming Wang & Guwen Tang, 2022. "A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-35, March.
  57. Cox, Brian L. & Mutel, Christopher L., 2018. "The environmental and cost performance of current and future motorcycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 1013-1024.
  58. Angela Malara & Fabiola Pantò & Saveria Santangelo & Pier Luigi Antonucci & Michele Fiore & Gianluca Longoni & Riccardo Ruffo & Patrizia Frontera, 2021. "Comparative life cycle assessment of Fe2O3-based fibers as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 6786-6799, May.
  59. D'Adamo, Idiano & Gastaldi, Massimo & Morone, Piergiuseppe & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2022. "Economics and policy implications of residential photovoltaic systems in Italy's developed market," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  60. Mario Burgui-Burgui & Emilio Chuvieco, 2020. "Beyond Carbon Footprint Calculators. New Approaches for Linking Consumer Behaviour and Climate Action," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-14, August.
  61. Kakodkar, R. & He, G. & Demirhan, C.D. & Arbabzadeh, M. & Baratsas, S.G. & Avraamidou, S. & Mallapragada, D. & Miller, I. & Allen, R.C. & Gençer, E. & Pistikopoulos, E.N., 2022. "A review of analytical and optimization methodologies for transitions in multi-scale energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
  62. Maria M. Symeonidou & Effrosyni Giama & Agis M. Papadopoulos, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment for Supporting Dimensioning Battery Storage Systems in Micro-Grids for Residential Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-16, September.
  63. Weimer, Lucas & Braun, Tobias & Hemdt, Ansgar vom, 2019. "Design of a systematic value chain for lithium-ion batteries from the raw material perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
  64. Lybbert, M. & Ghaemi, Z. & Balaji, A.K. & Warren, R., 2021. "Integrating life cycle assessment and electrochemical modeling to study the effects of cell design and operating conditions on the environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
  65. Michael Samsu Koroma & Nils Brown & Giuseppe Cardellini & Maarten Messagie, 2020. "Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-17, November.
  66. Penny Atkins & Gareth Milton & Andrew Atkins & Robert Morgan, 2021. "A Local Ecosystem Assessment of the Potential for Net Negative Heavy-Duty Truck Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Biomethane Upcycling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-22, February.
  67. Aleksandra Wewer & Pinar Bilge & Franz Dietrich, 2021. "Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-22, May.
  68. Manzolli, Jônatas Augusto & Trovão, João Pedro & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2022. "A review of electric bus vehicles research topics – Methods and trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
  69. Shrivastava, Prashant & Soon, Tey Kok & Idris, Mohd Yamani Idna Bin & Mekhilef, Saad, 2019. "Overview of model-based online state-of-charge estimation using Kalman filter family for lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
  70. Soares, N. & Martins, A.G. & Carvalho, A.L. & Caldeira, C. & Du, C. & Castanheira, É. & Rodrigues, E. & Oliveira, G. & Pereira, G.I. & Bastos, J. & Ferreira, J.P. & Ribeiro, L.A. & Figueiredo, N.C. & , 2018. "The challenging paradigm of interrelated energy systems towards a more sustainable future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 171-193.
  71. Idiano D’Adamo & Paolo Rosa, 2019. "A Structured Literature Review on Obsolete Electric Vehicles Management Practices," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-17, December.
  72. Yash Kotak & Carlos Marchante Fernández & Lluc Canals Casals & Bhavya Satishbhai Kotak & Daniel Koch & Christian Geisbauer & Lluís Trilla & Alberto Gómez-Núñez & Hans-Georg Schweiger, 2021. "End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.
  73. Gutsch, Moritz & Leker, Jens, 2024. "Costs, carbon footprint, and environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries – From cathode active material synthesis to cell manufacturing and recycling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PB).
  74. Piotr Krawczyk & Anna Śliwińska, 2020. "Eco-Efficiency Assessment of the Application of Large-Scale Rechargeable Batteries in a Coal-Fired Power Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-16, March.
  75. D'Adamo, Idiano & Gastaldi, Massimo & Morone, Piergiuseppe, 2022. "The impact of a subsidized tax deduction on residential solar photovoltaic-battery energy storage systems," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  76. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Ricciardi, Guido & de Santoli, Livio, 2023. "Smart energy systems for renewable energy communities: A comparative analysis of power-to-X strategies for improving energy self-consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
  77. Gönül, Ömer & Duman, A. Can & Güler, Önder, 2021. "Electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in Turkey: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
  78. Andrea Temporelli & Paola Cristina Brambilla & Elisabetta Brivio & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2022. "Last Mile Logistics Life Cycle Assessment: A Comparative Analysis from Diesel Van to E-Cargo Bike," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-18, October.
  79. Christensen, Paul A. & Anderson, Paul A. & Harper, Gavin D.J. & Lambert, Simon M. & Mrozik, Wojciech & Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Wise, Malcolm S. & Heidrich, Oliver, 2021. "Risk management over the life cycle of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
  80. Pinto, Edwin S. & Serra, Luis M. & Lázaro, Ana, 2020. "Evaluation of methods to select representative days for the optimization of polygeneration systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 488-502.
  81. Das, Barun K. & Al-Abdeli, Yasir M. & Woolridge, Matthew, 2019. "Effects of battery technology and load scalability on stand-alone PV/ICE hybrid micro-grid system performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 57-69.
  82. Lee, J. & Bazilian, M. & Sovacool, B. & Hund, K. & Jowitt, S.M. & Nguyen, T.P. & Månberger, A. & Kah, M. & Greene, S. & Galeazzi, C. & Awuah-Offei, K. & Moats, M. & Tilton, J. & Kukoda, S., 2020. "Reviewing the material and metal security of low-carbon energy transitions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
  83. Asif, Muhammad & Searcy, Cory & Castka, Pavel, 2023. "ESG and Industry 5.0: The role of technologies in enhancing ESG disclosure," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
  84. Roberta Olindo & Nathalie Schmitt & Joost Vogtländer, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessments on Battery Electric Vehicles and Electrolytic Hydrogen: The Need for Calculation Rules and Better Databases on Electricity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-22, May.
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