IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v11y2019i9p2690-d230239.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Estimation of CO 2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA

Author

Listed:
  • Ryuji Kawamoto

    (Product Strategy Div., Mazda Motor Corporation, 3-1 Shinchi, Fucho-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670, Japan)

  • Hideo Mochizuki

    (Product Strategy Div., Mazda Motor Corporation, 3-1 Shinchi, Fucho-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670, Japan)

  • Yoshihisa Moriguchi

    (Product Strategy Div., Mazda Motor Corporation, 3-1 Shinchi, Fucho-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670, Japan)

  • Takahiro Nakano

    (Product Strategy Div., Mazda Motor Corporation, 3-1 Shinchi, Fucho-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670, Japan)

  • Masayuki Motohashi

    (Product Strategy Div., Mazda Motor Corporation, 3-1 Shinchi, Fucho-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670, Japan)

  • Yuji Sakai

    (Department of Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan)

  • Atsushi Inaba

    (Department of Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan)

Abstract

In order to reduce vehicle emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) on a global scale, the scope of consideration should be expanded to include the manufacturing, fuel extraction, refinement, power generation, and end-of-life phases of a vehicle, in addition to the actual operational phase. In this paper, the CO 2 emissions of conventional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICV) were compared with mainstream alternative powertrain technologies, namely battery electric vehicles (BEV), using life-cycle assessment (LCA). In most of the current studies, CO 2 emissions were calculated assuming that the region where the vehicles were used, the lifetime driving distance in that region and the CO 2 emission from the battery production were fixed. However, in this paper, the life cycle CO 2 emissions in each region were calculated taking into consideration the vehicle’s lifetime driving distance in each region and the deviations in CO 2 emissions for battery production. For this paper, the US, European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Australia were selected as the reference regions for vehicle operation. The calculated results showed that CO 2 emission from the assembly of BEV was larger than that of ICV due to the added CO 2 emissions from battery production. However, in regions where renewable energy sources and low CO 2 emitting forms of electric power generation are widely used, as vehicle lifetime driving distance increase, the total operating CO 2 emissions of BEV become less than that of ICV. But for BEV, the CO 2 emissions for replacing the battery with a new one should be added when the lifetime driving distance is over 160,000 km. Moreover, it was shown that the life cycle CO 2 emission of ICV was apt to be smaller than that of BEV when the CO 2 emissions for battery production were very large.

Suggested Citation

  • Ryuji Kawamoto & Hideo Mochizuki & Yoshihisa Moriguchi & Takahiro Nakano & Masayuki Motohashi & Yuji Sakai & Atsushi Inaba, 2019. "Estimation of CO 2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-15, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:9:p:2690-:d:230239
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/9/2690/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/9/2690/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Massimo Delogu & Francesco Del Pero & Marco Pierini, 2016. "Lightweight Design Solutions in the Automotive Field: Environmental Modelling Based on Fuel Reduction Value Applied to Diesel Turbocharged Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-16, November.
    2. Yan, Xiaoyu & Crookes, Roy J., 2009. "Reduction potentials of energy demand and GHG emissions in China's road transport sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 658-668, February.
    3. Peters, Jens F. & Baumann, Manuel & Zimmermann, Benedikt & Braun, Jessica & Weil, Marcel, 2017. "The environmental impact of Li-Ion batteries and the role of key parameters – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 491-506.
    4. Xunmin Ou & Xiliang Zhang & Xu Zhang & Qian Zhang, 2013. "Life Cycle GHG of NG-Based Fuel and Electric Vehicle in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(5), pages 1-19, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Li, Jingjing & Nian, Victor & Jiao, Jianling, 2022. "Diffusion and benefits evaluation of electric vehicles under policy interventions based on a multiagent system dynamics model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    2. Kaname Naganuma & Yuhei Sakane, 2023. "Examining Real-Road Fuel Consumption Performance of Hydrogen-Fueled Series Hybrid Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-11, October.
    3. Coppitters, Diederik & Verleysen, Kevin & De Paepe, Ward & Contino, Francesco, 2022. "How can renewable hydrogen compete with diesel in public transport? Robust design optimization of a hydrogen refueling station under techno-economic and environmental uncertainty," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    4. Syahrul Nizam Md Saad & Adriaan Hendrik van der Weijde, 2019. "Evaluating the Potential of Hosting Capacity Enhancement Using Integrated Grid Planning modeling Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-23, September.
    5. Zacharopoulos, Leon & Thonemann, Nils & Dumeier, Marcel & Geldermann, Jutta, 2023. "Environmental optimization of the charge of battery electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    6. Stephanus Erasmus & Jacques Maritz, 2023. "A Carbon Reduction and Waste Heat Utilization Strategy for Generators in Scalable PV—Diesel Generator Campus Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-12, September.
    7. Jemima Romola, C.V. & Karl J Samuel, P.K. & Megana Harshini, M. & Ganesh Moorthy, I. & Shyam Kumar, R. & Chinnathambi, Arunachalam & Salmen, Saleh H. & Alharbi, Sulaiman Ali & Karthikumar, Sankar, 2021. "Improvement of fuel properties of used palm oil derived biodiesel with butyl ferulate as an additive," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 1052-1068.
    8. Alfredo Višković & Vladimir Franki & Angela Bašić-Šiško, 2022. "City-Level Transition to Low-Carbon Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-24, February.
    9. Huang, Hai-chao & He, Hong-di & Peng, Zhong-ren, 2024. "Urban-scale estimation model of carbon emissions for ride-hailing electric vehicles during operational phase," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    10. Vera Marcantonio & Marcello De Falco & Enrico Bocci, 2022. "Non-Thermal Plasma Technology for CO 2 Conversion—An Overview of the Most Relevant Experimental Results and Kinetic Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-18, October.
    11. Gábor Horváth & Attila Bai & Sándor Szegedi & István Lázár & Csongor Máthé & László Huzsvai & Máté Zakar & Zoltán Gabnai & Tamás Tóth, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of the Distinctive Tendencies of the Diffusion of E-Mobility in Central Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-29, July.
    12. Erna Erna & Iwan Setiawan & Aos Aos, 2024. "Investigating Individual’s Energy Saving Behavior in Using Electric Vehicles: Extended Theory of Planned Behavior," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(1), pages 517-523, January.
    13. Nora Schelte & Semih Severengiz & Jaron Schünemann & Sebastian Finke & Oskar Bauer & Matthias Metzen, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment on Electric Moped Scooter Sharing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-20, July.
    14. Sacchi, R. & Bauer, C. & Cox, B. & Mutel, C., 2022. "When, where and how can the electrification of passenger cars reduce greenhouse gas emissions?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    15. Rachana Vidhi & Prasanna Shrivastava & Abhishek Parikh, 2021. "Social and Technological Impact of Businesses Surrounding Electric Vehicles," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-17, February.
    16. Md Junaed Al Hossain & Md. Zakir Hasan & Md Hasanuzzaman & Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan & Mohammad Ahsan Habib, 2022. "Affordable Electric Three-Wheeler in Bangladesh: Prospects, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-26, December.
    17. Buberger, Johannes & Kersten, Anton & Kuder, Manuel & Eckerle, Richard & Weyh, Thomas & Thiringer, Torbjörn, 2022. "Total CO2-equivalent life-cycle emissions from commercially available passenger cars," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    18. Maksymilian Mądziel, 2023. "Vehicle Emission Models and Traffic Simulators: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-31, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Weiqi & Dai, Yaping & Ma, Linwei & Hao, Han & Lu, Haiyan & Albinson, Rosemary & Li, Zheng, 2015. "Oil-saving pathways until 2030 for road freight transportation in China based on a cost-optimization model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 369-384.
    2. Nishijima, Daisuke, 2017. "The role of technology, product lifetime, and energy efficiency in climate mitigation: A case study of air conditioners in Japan," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 340-347.
    3. Jianlei Lang & Shuiyuan Cheng & Ying Zhou & Beibei Zhao & Haiyan Wang & Shujing Zhang, 2013. "Energy and Environmental Implications of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(5), pages 1-23, May.
    4. Du, Jiuyu & Ouyang, Danhua, 2017. "Progress of Chinese electric vehicles industrialization in 2015: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 529-546.
    5. Li, Xi & Yu, Biying, 2019. "Peaking CO2 emissions for China's urban passenger transport sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    6. Desreveaux, A. & Bouscayrol, A. & Trigui, R. & Hittinger, E. & Castex, E. & Sirbu, G.M., 2023. "Accurate energy consumption for comparison of climate change impact of thermal and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    7. Xunmin Ou & Xiaoyu Yan & Xu Zhang & Xiliang Zhang, 2013. "Life-Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis for Bio-Liquid Jet Fuel from Open Pond-Based Micro-Algae under China Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(9), pages 1-27, September.
    8. Tharsis Teoh & Oliver Kunze & Chee-Chong Teo & Yiik Diew Wong, 2018. "Decarbonisation of Urban Freight Transport Using Electric Vehicles and Opportunity Charging," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-20, September.
    9. Marit Mohr & Jens F. Peters & Manuel Baumann & Marcel Weil, 2020. "Toward a cell‐chemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling processes," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 24(6), pages 1310-1322, December.
    10. Yuan, Zhiyi & Ou, Xunmin & Peng, Tianduo & Yan, Xiaoyu, 2019. "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of multi-pathways natural gas vehicles in china considering methane leakage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    11. Wang, Hongxia & Fang, Hong & Yu, Xueying & Wang, Ke, 2015. "Development of natural gas vehicles in China: An assessment of enabling factors and barriers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 80-93.
    12. Shangfeng Han & Baosheng Zhang & Xiaoyang Sun & Song Han & Mikael Höök, 2017. "China’s Energy Transition in the Power and Transport Sectors from a Substitution Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-25, April.
    13. Parlikar, Anupam & Truong, Cong Nam & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2021. "The carbon footprint of island grids with lithium-ion battery systems: An analysis based on levelized emissions of energy supply," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    14. Yu, Wei & Pagani, Roberto & Huang, Lei, 2012. "CO2 emission inventories for Chinese cities in highly urbanized areas compared with European cities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 298-308.
    15. Nenming Wang & Guwen Tang, 2022. "A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-35, March.
    16. Angela Malara & Fabiola Pantò & Saveria Santangelo & Pier Luigi Antonucci & Michele Fiore & Gianluca Longoni & Riccardo Ruffo & Patrizia Frontera, 2021. "Comparative life cycle assessment of Fe2O3-based fibers as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 6786-6799, May.
    17. González, Rosa Marina & Marrero, Gustavo A. & Rodríguez-López, Jesús & Marrero, Ángel S., 2019. "Analyzing CO2 emissions from passenger cars in Europe: A dynamic panel data approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 1271-1281.
    18. Gutsch, Moritz & Leker, Jens, 2024. "Costs, carbon footprint, and environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries – From cathode active material synthesis to cell manufacturing and recycling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PB).
    19. Piotr Krawczyk & Anna Śliwińska, 2020. "Eco-Efficiency Assessment of the Application of Large-Scale Rechargeable Batteries in a Coal-Fired Power Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-16, March.
    20. Li, Wei & Jia, Zhijie & Zhang, Hongzhi, 2017. "The impact of electric vehicles and CCS in the context of emission trading scheme in China: A CGE-based analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 800-816.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:9:p:2690-:d:230239. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.