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Performance, emission and combustion characteristic of a multicylinder DI diesel engine running on diesel–ethanol–biodiesel blends of high ethanol content

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  1. Doppalapudi, A.T. & Azad, A.K. & Khan, M.M.K., 2021. "Combustion chamber modifications to improve diesel engine performance and reduce emissions: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  2. Zaharin, M.S.M. & Abdullah, N.R. & Najafi, G. & Sharudin, H. & Yusaf, T., 2017. "Effects of physicochemical properties of biodiesel fuel blends with alcohol on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 475-493.
  3. Tan, Pi-qiang & Ruan, Shuai-shuai & Hu, Zhi-yuan & Lou, Di-ming & Li, Hu, 2014. "Particle number emissions from a light-duty diesel engine with biodiesel fuels under transient-state operating conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 22-31.
  4. Pan, Mingzhang & Zheng, Zeyuan & Huang, Rong & Zhou, Xiaorong & Huang, Haozhong & Pan, Jiaying & Chen, Zhaohui, 2019. "Reduction in PM and NOX of a diesel engine integrated with n-octanol fuel addition and exhaust gas recirculation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
  5. Hagos, Ftwi Y. & Ali, Obed M. & Mamat, Rizalman & Abdullah, Abdul A., 2017. "Effect of emulsification and blending on the oxygenation and substitution of diesel fuel for compression ignition engine," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1281-1294.
  6. He, Bang-Quan, 2016. "Advances in emission characteristics of diesel engines using different biodiesel fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 570-586.
  7. Yusri, I.M. & Mamat, R. & Najafi, G. & Razman, A. & Awad, Omar I. & Azmi, W.H. & Ishak, W.F.W. & Shaiful, A.I.M., 2017. "Alcohol based automotive fuels from first four alcohol family in compression and spark ignition engine: A review on engine performance and exhaust emissions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 169-181.
  8. Shen, Shiquan & Sun, Kai & Che, Zhizhao & Wang, Tianyou & Jia, Ming & Cai, Junqian, 2020. "Mechanism of micro-explosion of water-in-oil emulsified fuel droplet and its effect on soot generation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
  9. An, H. & Yang, W.M. & Chou, S.K. & Chua, K.J., 2012. "Combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine fueled by biodiesel at partial load conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 363-371.
  10. Hani Al-Rawashdeh & Ahmad O. Hasan & Mohamed R. Gomaa & Ahmad Abu-jrai & Mohammad Shalby, 2022. "Determination of Carbonyls Compound, Ketones and Aldehydes Emissions from CI Diesel Engines Fueled with Pure Diesel/Diesel Methanol Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-16, October.
  11. Zhao, Wenbin & Wu, Haoqing & Mi, Shijie & Zhang, Yaoyuan & He, Zhuoyao & Qian, Yong & Lu, Xingcai, 2023. "Experimental investigation of the control strategy of high load extension under iso-butanol/biodiesel dual-fuel intelligent charge compression ignition (ICCI) mode," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
  12. Venu, Harish & Raju, V. Dhana & Lingesan, S. & Elahi M Soudagar, Manzoore, 2021. "Influence of Al2O3nano additives in ternary fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) blends operated in a single cylinder diesel engine: Performance, combustion and emission characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PB).
  13. Wei, L. & Cheung, C.S. & Ning, Z., 2018. "Effects of biodiesel-ethanol and biodiesel-butanol blends on the combustion, performance and emissions of a diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 957-970.
  14. Herreros, J.M. & Schroer, K. & Sukjit, E. & Tsolakis, A., 2015. "Extending the environmental benefits of ethanol–diesel blends through DGE incorporation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 335-343.
  15. Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Abdi, Reza & Tabatabaei, Meisam, 2017. "Expanded polystyrene waste application for improving biodiesel environmental performance parameters from life cycle assessment point of view," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 278-298.
  16. Odziemkowska, Małgorzata & Matuszewska, Anna & Czarnocka, Joanna, 2016. "Diesel oil with bioethanol as a fuel for compression-ignition engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1264-1272.
  17. Ma, Yinjie & Huang, Ronghua & Fu, Jianqin & Huang, Sheng & Liu, Jingping, 2018. "Development of a diesel/biodiesel/alcohol (up to n-pentanol) combined mechanism based on reaction pathways analysis methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 835-847.
  18. Lešnik, Luka & Vajda, Blaž & Žunič, Zoran & Škerget, Leopold & Kegl, Breda, 2013. "The influence of biodiesel fuel on injection characteristics, diesel engine performance, and emission formation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 558-570.
  19. Qian, Yong & Wang, Xiaole & Zhu, Lifeng & Lu, Xingcai, 2015. "Experimental studies on combustion and emissions of RCCI (reactivity controlled compression ignition) with gasoline/n-heptane and ethanol/n-heptane as fuels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 584-594.
  20. Yesilyurt, Murat Kadir & Eryilmaz, Tanzer & Arslan, Mevlüt, 2018. "A comparative analysis of the engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviors of a compression ignition engine fuelled with biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol (C4 alcohol) and biodiesel/diesel/," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 1332-1351.
  21. Shahir, S.A. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Imran, A. & Fattah, I.M. Rizwanul & Sanjid, A., 2014. "Feasibility of diesel–biodiesel–ethanol/bioethanol blend as existing CI engine fuel: An assessment of properties, material compatibility, safety and combustion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 379-395.
  22. Mukhtar, M.N.A. & Hagos, Ftwi Y. & Noor, M.M. & Mamat, Rizalman & Abdullah, A. Adam & Abd Aziz, Abd Rashid, 2019. "Tri-fuel emulsion with secondary atomization attributes for greener diesel engine – A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 490-506.
  23. Zamboni, Giorgio & Capobianco, Massimo, 2012. "Experimental study on the effects of HP and LP EGR in an automotive turbocharged diesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 117-128.
  24. Varatharajan, K. & Cheralathan, M., 2012. "Influence of fuel properties and composition on NOx emissions from biodiesel powered diesel engines: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(6), pages 3702-3710.
  25. Chang, Yu-Cheng & Lee, Wen-Jhy & Lin, Sheng-Lun & Wang, Lin-Chi, 2013. "Green energy: Water-containing acetone–butanol–ethanol diesel blends fueled in diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 182-191.
  26. Redel-Macías, M.D. & Hervás-Martínez, C. & Gutiérrez, P.A. & Pinzi, S. & Cubero-Atienza, A.J. & Dorado, M.P., 2018. "Computational models to predict noise emissions of a diesel engine fueled with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 110-119.
  27. Tse, H. & Leung, C.W. & Cheung, C.S., 2015. "Investigation on the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions from a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 343-350.
  28. Wu, Shaohua & Zhou, Dezhi & Yang, Wenming, 2019. "Implementation of an efficient method of moments for treatment of soot formation and oxidation processes in three-dimensional engine simulations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
  29. Fahd, M. Ebna Alam & Wenming, Yang & Lee, P.S. & Chou, S.K. & Yap, Christopher R., 2013. "Experimental investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine by water emulsion diesel under varying engine load condition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 1042-1049.
  30. Carlo Caligiuri & Marco Bietresato & Angelo Algieri & Marco Baratieri & Massimiliano Renzi, 2022. "Experimental Investigation and RSM Modeling of the Effects of Injection Timing on the Performance and NO x Emissions of a Micro-Cogeneration Unit Fueled with Biodiesel Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, May.
  31. Tesfa, B. & Mishra, R. & Zhang, C. & Gu, F. & Ball, A.D., 2013. "Combustion and performance characteristics of CI (compression ignition) engine running with biodiesel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 101-115.
  32. Silitonga, A.S. & Masjuki, H.H. & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Sebayang, A.H. & Dharma, S. & Kusumo, F. & Siswantoro, J. & Milano, Jassinnee & Daud, Khairil & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Sugiyanto, Bamban, 2018. "Evaluation of the engine performance and exhaust emissions of biodiesel-bioethanol-diesel blends using kernel-based extreme learning machine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 1075-1087.
  33. Zhou, Nan & Huo, Ming & Wu, Han & Nithyanandan, Karthik & Lee, Chia-fon F. & Wang, Qingnian, 2014. "Low temperature spray combustion of acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) and diesel blends," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 104-115.
  34. Zhang, Bo & Sarathy, S. Mani, 2016. "Lifecycle optimized ethanol-gasoline blends for turbocharged engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 38-53.
  35. Fraioli, Valentina & Mancaruso, Ezio & Migliaccio, Marianna & Vaglieco, Bianca Maria, 2014. "Ethanol effect as premixed fuel in dual-fuel CI engines: Experimental and numerical investigations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 394-404.
  36. Pradelle, Florian & Leal Braga, Sergio & Fonseca de Aguiar Martins, Ana Rosa & Turkovics, Franck & Nohra Chaar Pradelle, Renata, 2019. "Performance and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine running on diesel-biodiesel-ethanol (DBE) blends – Potential as diesel fuel substitute on an Euro III engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 586-598.
  37. Ayhan, Vezir & Ece, Yılmaz Mert, 2020. "New application to reduce NOx emissions of diesel engines: Electronically controlled direct water injection at compression stroke," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
  38. Chen, Longfei & Ding, Shirun & Liu, Haoye & Lu, Yiji & Li, Yanfei & Roskilly, Anthony Paul, 2017. "Comparative study of combustion and emissions of kerosene (RP-3), kerosene-pentanol blends and diesel in a compression ignition engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 91-100.
  39. Mat Yasin, M.H. & Yusaf, Talal & Mamat, R. & Fitri Yusop, A., 2014. "Characterization of a diesel engine operating with a small proportion of methanol as a fuel additive in biodiesel blend," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 865-873.
  40. Haseeb Yaqoob & Yew Heng Teoh & Muhammad Ahmad Jamil & Tahir Rasheed & Farooq Sher, 2020. "An Experimental Investigation on Tribological Behaviour of Tire-Derived Pyrolysis Oil Blended with Biodiesel Fuel," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-13, November.
  41. Ng, Hoon Kiat & Gan, Suyin & Ng, Jo-Han & Pang, Kar Mun, 2013. "Simulation of biodiesel combustion in a light-duty diesel engine using integrated compact biodiesel–diesel reaction mechanism," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 1275-1287.
  42. Wu, Shaohua & Lao, Chung Ting & Akroyd, Jethro & Mosbach, Sebastian & Yang, Wenming & Kraft, Markus, 2020. "A joint moment projection method and maximum entropy approach for simulation of soot formation and oxidation in diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
  43. Hountalas, D.T. & Papagiannakis, R.G. & Zovanos, G. & Antonopoulos, A., 2014. "Comparative evaluation of various methodologies to account for the effect of load variation during cylinder pressure measurement of large scale two-stroke diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1027-1042.
  44. Paul, Abhishek & Panua, Raj Sekhar & Debroy, Durbadal & Bose, Probir Kumar, 2015. "An experimental study of the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a CI engine under dual fuel mode using CNG and oxygenated pilot fuel blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 560-573.
  45. Teoh, Y.H. & How, H.G. & Masjuki, H.H. & Nguyen, H.-T. & Kalam, M.A. & Alabdulkarem, A., 2019. "Investigation on particulate emissions and combustion characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with Moringa oleifera biodiesel-diesel blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 521-534.
  46. Giakoumis, Evangelos G. & Rakopoulos, Constantine D. & Dimaratos, Athanasios M. & Rakopoulos, Dimitrios C., 2013. "Exhaust emissions with ethanol or n-butanol diesel fuel blends during transient operation: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 170-190.
  47. Zhang, Zhi-Hui & Balasubramanian, Rajasekhar, 2014. "Influence of butanol addition to diesel–biodiesel blend on engine performance and particulate emissions of a stationary diesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 530-536.
  48. Ge, Jun Cong & Wu, Guirong & Yoo, Byeong-O & Choi, Nag Jung, 2022. "Effect of injection timing on combustion, emission and particle morphology of an old diesel engine fueled with ternary blends at low idling operations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
  49. Zhao, Junfeng & Wang, Junmin, 2013. "Control-oriented multi-phase combustion model for biodiesel fueled engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 92-99.
  50. Suh, Hyun Kyu & Lee, Chang Sik, 2016. "A review on atomization and exhaust emissions of a biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engine," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1601-1620.
  51. Hoseini, S.S. & Najafi, G. & Ghobadian, B. & Mamat, Rizalman & Sidik, Nor Azwadi Che & Azmi, W.H., 2017. "The effect of combustion management on diesel engine emissions fueled with biodiesel-diesel blends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 307-331.
  52. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Roberts, W.L. & Dibble, R.W., 2015. "Feasibility of using less viscous and lower cetane (LVLC) fuels in a diesel engine: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1166-1190.
  53. Chang, Yu-Cheng & Lee, Wen-Jhy & Wu, Tser Son & Wu, Chang-Yu & Chen, Shui-Jen, 2014. "Use of water containing acetone–butanol–ethanol for NOx-PM (nitrogen oxide-particulate matter) trade-off in the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 678-687.
  54. Irimescu, A. & Marchitto, L. & Merola, S.S. & Tornatore, C. & Valentino, G., 2015. "Combustion process investigations in an optically accessible DISI engine fuelled with n-butanol during part load operation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 363-376.
  55. An, H. & Yang, W.M. & Li, J., 2015. "Effects of ethanol addition on biodiesel combustion: A modeling study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 176-188.
  56. Ghadikolaei, Meisam Ahmadi & Cheung, Chun Shun & Yung, Ka-Fu, 2018. "Study of combustion, performance and emissions of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/alcohol blends having the same oxygen concentration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 258-269.
  57. Zhu, Lifeng & Qian, Yong & Wang, Xiaole & Lu, Xingcai, 2015. "Effects of direct injection timing and premixed ratio on combustion and emissions characteristics of RCCI (Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition) with N-heptane/gasoline-like fuels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 383-392.
  58. Wang, Zhaowen & Shi, Shuguo & Huang, Sheng & Tang, Jie & Du, Tao & Cheng, Xiaobei & Huang, Ronghua & Chen, Jyh-Yuan, 2018. "Effects of water content on evaporation and combustion characteristics of water emulsified diesel spray," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 397-407.
  59. Wu, Shaohua & Yang, Wenming & Xu, Hongpeng & Jiang, Yu, 2019. "Investigation of soot aggregate formation and oxidation in compression ignition engines with a pseudo bi-variate soot model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
  60. Mofijur, M. & Rasul, M.G. & Hyde, J. & Azad, A.K. & Mamat, R. & Bhuiya, M.M.K., 2016. "Role of biofuel and their binary (diesel–biodiesel) and ternary (ethanol–biodiesel–diesel) blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 265-278.
  61. Márcio Carvalho & Felipe Torres & Vitor Ferreira & Júlio Silva & Jorge Martins & Ednildo Torres, 2020. "Effects of Diethyl Ether Introduction in Emissions and Performance of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-14, July.
  62. Bari, S., 2014. "Performance, combustion and emission tests of a metro-bus running on biodiesel-ULSD blended (B20) fuel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 35-43.
  63. Liu, Yu & Yuan, Zhipeng & Ma, Yinjie & Fu, Jianqin & Huang, Ronghua & Liu, Jingping, 2019. "Analysis of spray combustion characteristics of diesel, biodiesel and their n-pentanol blends based on a one-dimensional semi-phenomenological model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 996-1009.
  64. Wu, Shaohua & Akroyd, Jethro & Mosbach, Sebastian & Brownbridge, George & Parry, Owen & Page, Vivian & Yang, Wenming & Kraft, Markus, 2020. "Efficient simulation and auto-calibration of soot particle processes in Diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
  65. Viggiano, Annarita & Magi, Vinicio, 2014. "Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry applied to homogeneous and partially stratified charge CI ethanol engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 848-863.
  66. Islam, Muhammad Aminul & Heimann, Kirsten & Brown, Richard J., 2017. "Microalgae biodiesel: Current status and future needs for engine performance and emissions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1160-1170.
  67. Kumar, Satish & Cho, Jae Hyun & Park, Jaedeuk & Moon, Il, 2013. "Advances in diesel–alcohol blends and their effects on the performance and emissions of diesel engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 46-72.
  68. Chao Jin & Juntong Dong & Chenyun Ding & Jingjing Hu & Zhenlong Geng & Xiaodan Li & Teng Xu & Guolong Zang & Haifeng Liu, 2024. "Effect of Different Preparation Methods on the Stability of Low-Carbon Alcohol Blended Fuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-13, June.
  69. Wu, Horng-Wen & Wu, Zhan-Yi, 2013. "Using Taguchi method on combustion performance of a diesel engine with diesel/biodiesel blend and port-inducting H2," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 362-370.
  70. Artur Krzemiński & Adam Ustrzycki, 2023. "Effect of Ethanol Added to Diesel Fuel on the Range of Fuel Spray," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-15, February.
  71. Doppalapudi, A.T. & Azad, A.K. & Khan, M.M.K., 2023. "Advanced strategies to reduce harmful nitrogen-oxide emissions from biodiesel fueled engine," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  72. Elsanusi, Osama Ahmed & Roy, Murari Mohon & Sidhu, Manpreet Singh, 2017. "Experimental Investigation on a Diesel Engine Fueled by Diesel-Biodiesel Blends and their Emulsions at Various Engine Operating Conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 582-593.
  73. Chang, Yu-Cheng & Lee, Wen-Jhy & Wang, Lin-Chi & Yang, Hsi-Hsien & Cheng, Man-Ting & Lu, Jau-Huai & Tsai, Ying I. & Young, Li-Hao, 2014. "Effects of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel on the toxic organic pollutant emissions from a diesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 631-638.
  74. Gong, Changming & Zhang, Zilei & Sun, Jingzhen & Chen, Yulin & Liu, Fenghua, 2020. "Computational study of nozzle spray-line distribution effects on stratified mixture formation, combustion and emissions of a high compression ratio DISI methanol engine under lean-burn condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
  75. Jun Cong Ge & Jung Young Kim & Byeong O Yoo & Jun Hee Song, 2023. "Effects of Engine Load and Ternary Mixture on Combustion and Emissions from a Diesel Engine Using Later Injection Timing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-16, January.
  76. Serrano, L. & Lopes, M. & Pires, N. & Ribeiro, I. & Cascão, P. & Tarelho, L. & Monteiro, A. & Nielsen, O. & da Silva, M. Gameiro & Borrego, C., 2015. "Evaluation on effects of using low biodiesel blends in a EURO 5 passenger vehicle equipped with a common-rail diesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 230-238.
  77. D´Agosto, Márcio de Almeida & da Silva, Marcelino Aurélio Vieira & Franca, Luíza Santana & de Oliveira, Cíntia Machado & Alexandre, Manuel Oliveira Lemos & da Costa Marques, Luiz Guilherme & Murta, Au, 2017. "Comparative study of emissions from stationary engines using biodiesel made from soybean oil, palm oil and waste frying oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1376-1392.
  78. Li, Bowen & Li, Yanfei & Liu, Haoye & Liu, Fang & Wang, Zhi & Wang, Jianxin, 2017. "Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel/PODE blends," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 425-431.
  79. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Raghavan, V. & Saravanan, C.G. & Lee, P.S. & Chua, K.J.E. & Chou, S.K., 2014. "Investigation of evaporation and engine characteristics of pine oil biofuel fumigated in the inlet manifold of a diesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 514-524.
  80. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Lee, P.S. & Chua, K.J.E. & Chou, S.K., 2014. "Pine oil–biodiesel blends: A double biofuel strategy to completely eliminate the use of diesel in a diesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 466-473.
  81. Alptekin, Ertan, 2017. "Emission, injection and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and oxygenated fuel blends in a common rail diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 44-52.
  82. Pinzi, S. & López, I. & Leiva-Candia, D.E. & Redel-Macías, M.D. & Herreros, J.M. & Cubero-Atienza, A. & Dorado, M.P., 2018. "Castor oil enhanced effect on fuel ethanol-diesel fuel blend properties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 409-416.
  83. Park, Su Han & Yoon, Seung Hyun & Lee, Chang Sik, 2013. "HC and CO emissions reduction by early injection strategy in a bioethanol blended diesel-fueled engine with a narrow angle injection system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 81-88.
  84. Tamilselvan, P. & Nallusamy, N. & Rajkumar, S., 2017. "A comprehensive review on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1134-1159.
  85. M. Mukhtar N. A. & Abd Rashid Abd Aziz & Ftwi Y. Hagos & M. M. Noor & Kumaran Kadirgama & Rizalman Mamat & A. Adam Abdullah, 2019. "The Influence of Formulation Ratio and Emulsifying Settings on Tri-Fuel (Diesel–Ethanol–Biodiesel) Emulsion Properties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-24, May.
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