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Energy management strategies comparison for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system

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  1. Song, Ziyou & Li, Jianqiu & Hou, Jun & Hofmann, Heath & Ouyang, Minggao & Du, Jiuyu, 2018. "The battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle applications: A case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 433-441.
  2. Pedro Roncero-Sánchez & Alfonso Parreño Torres & Javier Vázquez, 2018. "Control Scheme of a Concentration Photovoltaic Plant with a Hybrid Energy Storage System Connected to the Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-30, January.
  3. Ettihir, K. & Boulon, L. & Agbossou, K., 2016. "Optimization-based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 142-153.
  4. İnci, Mustafa & Büyük, Mehmet & Demir, Mehmet Hakan & İlbey, Göktürk, 2021. "A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
  5. Xingyue Jiang & Jianjun Hu & Meixia Jia & Yong Zheng, 2018. "Parameter Matching and Instantaneous Power Allocation for the Hybrid Energy Storage System of Pure Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, July.
  6. Md. Sazal Miah & Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu & Sheikh Tanzim Meraj & Kamrul Hasan & Shaheer Ansari & Taskin Jamal & Hasan Masrur & Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan & Aini Hussain, 2021. "Optimized Energy Management Schemes for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Bibliometric Analysis towards Future Trends," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-38, November.
  7. Balsamo, Flavio & Capasso, Clemente & Lauria, Davide & Veneri, Ottorino, 2020. "Optimal design and energy management of hybrid storage systems for marine propulsion applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
  8. Diana Lemian & Florin Bode, 2022. "Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for Electrical Vehicles: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-13, August.
  9. Peng, Fei & Zhao, Yuanzhe & Chen, Ting & Zhang, Xuexia & Chen, Weirong & Zhou, Donghua & Li, Qi, 2018. "Development of robust suboptimal real-time power sharing strategy for modern fuel cell based hybrid tramways considering operational uncertainties and performance degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 503-521.
  10. Xiang, Changle & Ding, Feng & Wang, Weida & He, Wei, 2017. "Energy management of a dual-mode power-split hybrid electric vehicle based on velocity prediction and nonlinear model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 640-653.
  11. Beatrice, C. & Capasso, C. & Doulgeris, S. & Samaras, Z. & Veneri, O., 2024. "Hybrid storage system management for hybrid electric vehicles under real operating conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 354(PB).
  12. Song, Ziyou & Hofmann, Heath & Lin, Xinfan & Han, Xuebing & Hou, Jun, 2018. "Parameter identification of lithium-ion battery pack for different applications based on Cramer-Rao bound analysis and experimental study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 1307-1318.
  13. V. Mounica & Y. P. Obulesu, 2022. "Hybrid Power Management Strategy with Fuel Cell, Battery, and Supercapacitor for Fuel Economy in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-25, June.
  14. Oh, Ki-Yong & Epureanu, Bogdan I., 2016. "Characterization and modeling of the thermal mechanics of lithium-ion battery cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 633-646.
  15. Hoai-Linh T. Nguyen & Bảo-Huy Nguyễn & Thanh Vo-Duy & João Pedro F. Trovão, 2021. "A Comparative Study of Adaptive Filtering Strategies for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-23, June.
  16. Liu, Shuai & Wei, Li & Wang, Huai, 2020. "Review on reliability of supercapacitors in energy storage applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
  17. Tran, Dai-Duong & Vafaeipour, Majid & El Baghdadi, Mohamed & Barrero, Ricardo & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Hegazy, Omar, 2020. "Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
  18. Hu, Jie & Liu, Di & Du, Changqing & Yan, Fuwu & Lv, Chen, 2020. "Intelligent energy management strategy of hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicle based on driving pattern recognition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
  19. Song, Ziyou & Yang, Niankai & Lin, Xinfan & Pinto Delgado, Fanny & Hofmann, Heath & Sun, Jing, 2022. "Progression of cell-to-cell variation within battery modules under different cooling structures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
  20. Wu, Gang & Wang, Chunyan & Zhao, Wanzhong & Meng, Qikang, 2023. "Integrated energy management of hybrid power supply based on short-term speed prediction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
  21. Théophile Paul & Tedjani Mesbahi & Sylvain Durand & Damien Flieller & Wilfried Uhring, 2020. "Sizing of Lithium-Ion Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Forklift Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-18, September.
  22. Yang, Bo & Li, Danyang & Zeng, Chunyuan & Chen, Yijun & Guo, Zhengxun & Wang, Jingbo & Shu, Hongchun & Yu, Tao & Zhu, Jiawei, 2021. "Parameter extraction of PEMFC via Bayesian regularization neural network based meta-heuristic algorithms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
  23. Asensio, E. Maximiliano & Magallán, Guillermo A. & Pérez, Laura & De Angelo, Cristian H., 2022. "Short-term power demand prediction for energy management of an electric vehicle based on batteries and ultracapacitors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
  24. Ashleigh Townsend & Rupert Gouws, 2023. "A Comparative Review of Capacity Measurement in Energy Storage Devices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-26, May.
  25. Zhu, Jianyun & Chen, Li & Wang, Xuefeng & Yu, Long, 2020. "Bi-level optimal sizing and energy management of hybrid electric propulsion systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
  26. Wieczorek, Maciej & Lewandowski, Mirosław, 2017. "A mathematical representation of an energy management strategy for hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle and real time optimization using a genetic algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 222-233.
  27. Trovão, João P. & Silva, Mário A. & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler & Dubois, Maxime R., 2017. "Stability enhancement of the motor drive DC input voltage of an electric vehicle using on-board hybrid energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 244-259.
  28. Zhu, Tao & Lot, Roberto & Wills, Richard G.A. & Yan, Xingda, 2020. "Sizing a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system with battery degradation consideration for high-performance electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
  29. Huang, Jiangfan & An, Qing & Zhou, Mingyu & Tang, Ruoli & Dong, Zhengcheng & Lai, Jingang & Li, Xin & Yang, Xiangguo, 2024. "A self-adaptive joint optimization framework for marine hybrid energy storage system design considering load fluctuation characteristics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 361(C).
  30. da Silva, Samuel Filgueira & Eckert, Jony Javorski & Corrêa, Fernanda Cristina & Silva, Fabrício Leonardo & Silva, Ludmila C.A. & Dedini, Franco Giuseppe, 2022. "Dual HESS electric vehicle powertrain design and fuzzy control based on multi-objective optimization to increase driving range and battery life cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
  31. Wang, Yaxin & Lou, Diming & Xu, Ning & Fang, Liang & Tan, Piqiang, 2021. "Energy management and emission control for range extended electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
  32. Yang, Bo & Zhu, Tianjiao & Zhang, Xiaoshun & Wang, Jingbo & Shu, Hongchun & Li, Shengnan & He, Tingyi & Yang, Lei & Yu, Tao, 2020. "Design and implementation of Battery/SMES hybrid energy storage systems used in electric vehicles: A nonlinear robust fractional-order control approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
  33. Feroldi, Diego & Carignano, Mauro, 2016. "Sizing for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid vehicles based on stochastic driving cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 645-658.
  34. Hu, Lin & Tian, Qingtao & Zou, Changfu & Huang, Jing & Ye, Yao & Wu, Xianhui, 2022. "A study on energy distribution strategy of electric vehicle hybrid energy storage system considering driving style based on real urban driving data," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
  35. Chen, Zeyu & Xiong, Rui & Wang, Chun & Cao, Jiayi, 2017. "An on-line predictive energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to counter the uncertain prediction of the driving cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1663-1672.
  36. Bảo-Huy Nguyễn & João Pedro F. Trovão & Ronan German & Alain Bouscayrol, 2020. "Real-Time Energy Management of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Linear Quadratic Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-19, October.
  37. Zhuang, Weichao & Ye, Jianwei & Song, Ziyou & Yin, Guodong & Li, Guangmin, 2020. "Comparison of semi-active hybrid battery system configurations for electric taxis application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
  38. Herrera, Victor & Milo, Aitor & Gaztañaga, Haizea & Etxeberria-Otadui, Ion & Villarreal, Igor & Camblong, Haritza, 2016. "Adaptive energy management strategy and optimal sizing applied on a battery-supercapacitor based tramway," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 831-845.
  39. Yu, Xiao & Lin, Cheng & Xie, Peng & Liang, Sheng, 2022. "A novel real-time energy management strategy based on Monte Carlo Tree Search for coupled powertrain platform via vehicle-to-cloud connectivity," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
  40. Wang, Bin & Xu, Jun & Cao, Binggang & Ning, Bo, 2017. "Adaptive mode switch strategy based on simulated annealing optimization of a multi-mode hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 596-608.
  41. Parwal, Arvind & Fregelius, Martin & Temiz, Irinia & Göteman, Malin & Oliveira, Janaina G. de & Boström, Cecilia & Leijon, Mats, 2018. "Energy management for a grid-connected wave energy park through a hybrid energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 399-411.
  42. José Luis Sampietro & Vicenç Puig & Ramon Costa-Castelló, 2019. "Optimal Sizing of Storage Elements for a Vehicle Based on Fuel Cells, Supercapacitors, and Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-27, March.
  43. Mahammad A. Hannan & Mohammad M. Hoque & Pin J. Ker & Rawshan A. Begum & Azah Mohamed, 2017. "Charge Equalization Controller Algorithm for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Systems: Modeling and Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-20, September.
  44. Ghosh, Sourav & Yadav, Sarita & Devi, Ambika & Thomas, Tiju, 2022. "Techno-economic understanding of Indian energy-storage market: A perspective on green materials-based supercapacitor technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
  45. Song, Ziyou & Hou, Jun & Hofmann, Heath & Li, Jianqiu & Ouyang, Minggao, 2017. "Sliding-mode and Lyapunov function-based control for battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system used in electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 601-612.
  46. Kim, Myungchin & Bae, Sungwoo, 2017. "Decentralized control of a scalable photovoltaic (PV)-battery hybrid power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 444-455.
  47. Hou, Jun & Song, Ziyou, 2020. "A hierarchical energy management strategy for hybrid energy storage via vehicle-to-cloud connectivity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
  48. Song, Ziyou & Hofmann, Heath & Li, Jianqiu & Han, Xuebing & Ouyang, Minggao, 2015. "Optimization for a hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicles using dynamic programing approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 151-162.
  49. Hong Zhang & Zhuang Xing & Jiajian Song & Qiangqiang Yang, 2018. "Development and Test Application of an Auxiliary Power-Integrated System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, January.
  50. Zhou, Quan & Zhang, Wei & Cash, Scott & Olatunbosun, Oluremi & Xu, Hongming & Lu, Guoxiang, 2017. "Intelligent sizing of a series hybrid electric power-train system based on Chaos-enhanced accelerated particle swarm optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 588-601.
  51. Yu, Huilong & Tarsitano, Davide & Hu, Xiaosong & Cheli, Federico, 2016. "Real time energy management strategy for a fast charging electric urban bus powered by hybrid energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 322-331.
  52. Hou, Jun & Song, Ziyou & Park, Hyeongjun & Hofmann, Heath & Sun, Jing, 2018. "Implementation and evaluation of real-time model predictive control for load fluctuations mitigation in all-electric ship propulsion systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 62-77.
  53. Xiaogang Wu & Siyu Lv & Jizhong Chen, 2017. "Determination of the Optimum Heat Transfer Coefficient and Temperature Rise Analysis for a Lithium-Ion Battery under the Conditions of Harbin City Bus Driving Cycles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-17, October.
  54. Du, Jiuyu & Zhang, Xiaobin & Wang, Tianze & Song, Ziyou & Yang, Xueqing & Wang, Hewu & Ouyang, Minggao & Wu, Xiaogang, 2018. "Battery degradation minimization oriented energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric bus with multi-energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 153-163.
  55. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Martinez-Boggio, Santiago & Gaillard, Patrick, 2021. "Emissions reduction by using e-components in 48 V mild hybrid trucks under dual-mode dual-fuel combustion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
  56. Shi, Junzhe & Xu, Bin & Shen, Yimin & Wu, Jingbo, 2022. "Energy management strategy for battery/supercapacitor hybrid electric city bus based on driving pattern recognition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
  57. Afaq Ahmad & Muhammad Khalid & Zahid Ullah & Naveed Ahmad & Mohammad Aljaidi & Faheem Ahmed Malik & Umar Manzoor, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Charging Modes, Technologies and Applications of Smart Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-32, December.
  58. Li, Bei & Miao, Hongzhi & Li, Jiangchen, 2021. "Multiple hydrogen-based hybrid storage systems operation for microgrids: A combined TOPSIS and model predictive control methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
  59. Chi T. P. Nguyen & Bảo-Huy Nguyễn & Minh C. Ta & João Pedro F. Trovão, 2023. "Dual-Motor Dual-Source High Performance EV: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-28, October.
  60. Hou, Jun & Sun, Jing & Hofmann, Heath, 2018. "Control development and performance evaluation for battery/flywheel hybrid energy storage solutions to mitigate load fluctuations in all-electric ship propulsion systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 919-930.
  61. Jiahui Ren & Wenli Lin & Xinbo Liu & Shuiyuan He & Zhonghao Dongye & Lijun Diao, 2022. "Full Current-Type Control-Based Hybrid Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-13, April.
  62. Li, Jianwei & Wang, Xudong & Zhang, Zhenyu & Le Blond, Simon & Yang, Qingqing & Zhang, Min & Yuan, Weijia, 2017. "Analysis of a new design of the hybrid energy storage system used in the residential m-CHP systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 169-179.
  63. Nguyễn, Bảo-Huy & Vo-Duy, Thanh & Henggeler Antunes, Carlos & Trovão, João Pedro F., 2021. "Multi-objective benchmark for energy management of dual-source electric vehicles: An optimal control approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
  64. Cheng, Yu-Shan & Chuang, Man-Tsai & Liu, Yi-Hua & Wang, Shun-Chung & Yang, Zong-Zhen, 2016. "A particle swarm optimization based power dispatch algorithm with roulette wheel re-distribution mechanism for equality constraint," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 58-72.
  65. Song, Ziyou & Hofmann, Heath & Li, Jianqiu & Hou, Jun & Zhang, Xiaowu & Ouyang, Minggao, 2015. "The optimization of a hybrid energy storage system at subzero temperatures: Energy management strategy design and battery heating requirement analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 576-588.
  66. Castaings, Ali & Lhomme, Walter & Trigui, Rochdi & Bouscayrol, Alain, 2016. "Comparison of energy management strategies of a battery/supercapacitors system for electric vehicle under real-time constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 190-200.
  67. Tian, He & Li, Shengbo Eben & Wang, Xu & Huang, Yong & Tian, Guangyu, 2018. "Data-driven hierarchical control for online energy management of plug-in hybrid electric city bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 55-67.
  68. Zhu, Tao & Wills, Richard G.A. & Lot, Roberto & Kong, Xiaodan & Yan, Xingda, 2021. "Optimal sizing and sensitivity analysis of a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
  69. Li, Junqiu & Jin, Xin & Xiong, Rui, 2017. "Multi-objective optimization study of energy management strategy and economic analysis for a range-extended electric bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 798-807.
  70. Zhu, Tao & Wills, Richard G.A. & Lot, Roberto & Ruan, Haijun & Jiang, Zhihao, 2021. "Adaptive energy management of a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles based on flexible perception and neural network fitting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
  71. Wang, Zhuang & Chen, Li & Wang, Bin & Huang, Lianzhong & Wang, Kai & Ma, Ranqi, 2023. "Integrated optimization of speed schedule and energy management for a hybrid electric cruise ship considering environmental factors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
  72. Argyrou, Maria C. & Christodoulides, Paul & Kalogirou, Soteris A., 2018. "Energy storage for electricity generation and related processes: Technologies appraisal and grid scale applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 804-821.
  73. Philipp Glücker & Klaus Kivekäs & Jari Vepsäläinen & Panagiotis Mouratidis & Maximilian Schneider & Stephan Rinderknecht & Kari Tammi, 2021. "Prolongation of Battery Lifetime for Electric Buses through Flywheel Integration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-19, February.
  74. Chen, Bin & Wang, Miaoben & Hu, Lin & He, Guo & Yan, Haoyang & Wen, Xinji & Du, Ronghua, 2024. "Data-driven Koopman model predictive control for hybrid energy storage system of electric vehicles under vehicle-following scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
  75. Long Cheng & Wei Wang & Shaoyuan Wei & Hongtao Lin & Zhidong Jia, 2018. "An Improved Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System in Light Rail Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-15, February.
  76. Aree Wangsupphaphol & Sotdhipong Phichaisawat & Nik Rumzi Nik Idris & Awang Jusoh & Nik Din Muhamad & Raweewan Lengkayan, 2023. "A Systematic Review of Energy Management Systems for Battery/Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-20, July.
  77. Yu, Xiao & Lin, Cheng & Tian, Yu & Zhao, Mingjie & Liu, Huimin & Xie, Peng & Zhang, JunZhi, 2023. "Real-time and hierarchical energy management-control framework for electric vehicles with dual-motor powertrain system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
  78. Joshua Allwright & Akhlaqur Rahman & Marcus Coleman & Ambarish Kulkarni, 2022. "Heavy Multi-Articulated Vehicles with Electric and Hybrid Power Trains for Road Freight Activity: An Australian Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-19, August.
  79. Ashleigh Townsend & Rupert Gouws, 2022. "A Comparative Review of Lead-Acid, Lithium-Ion and Ultra-Capacitor Technologies and Their Degradation Mechanisms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-29, July.
  80. Liu, Xuze & Fotouhi, Abbas & Auger, Daniel J., 2020. "Optimal energy management for formula-E cars with regulatory limits and thermal constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
  81. Abbassi, Abdelkader & Dami, Mohamed Ali & Jemli, Mohamed, 2017. "A statistical approach for hybrid energy storage system sizing based on capacity distributions in an autonomous PV/Wind power generation system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 81-93.
  82. Zhang, Cetengfei & Zhou, Quan & Hua, Min & Xu, Hongming & Bassett, Mike & Zhang, Fanggang, 2023. "Cuboid equivalent consumption minimization strategy for energy management of multi-mode plug-in hybrid vehicles considering diverse time scale objectives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 351(C).
  83. Yang, Weiwei & Ruan, Jiageng & Yang, Jue & Zhang, Nong, 2020. "Investigation of integrated uninterrupted dual input transmission and hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
  84. Wang, Hong & Huang, Yanjun & Khajepour, Amir & Song, Qiang, 2016. "Model predictive control-based energy management strategy for a series hybrid electric tracked vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 105-114.
  85. Sadam Hussain & Muhammad Umair Ali & Gwan-Soo Park & Sarvar Hussain Nengroo & Muhammad Adil Khan & Hee-Je Kim, 2019. "A Real-Time Bi-Adaptive Controller-Based Energy Management System for Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-24, December.
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