IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v221y2021ics0360544221001006.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal sizing and sensitivity analysis of a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Zhu, Tao
  • Wills, Richard G.A.
  • Lot, Roberto
  • Kong, Xiaodan
  • Yan, Xingda

Abstract

This paper presents a sizing method with sensitivity analysis for battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) to minimize vehicle-lifetime costs. An optimization framework is proposed to solve joint energy management-sizing optimization. Sensitivity analysis is performed using eight parameters of the vehicle, HESS system and components as sensitive factors. We explain why HESS sizing is sensitive to each factor by discussing the change of optimal HESS size and costs with varying factor values. The relative importance of each factor in practical engineering is quantified and compared. Results show that battery degradation accounts for around 89% of HESS costs; among eight sensitive factors, vehicle driving range has the biggest impact on HESS costs with a calculated impact degree of 1.243. By analyzing comprehensive factors in optimization of HESS sizing, it is expected to provide general a sizing guide applicable to various application scenarios of HESS in electric vehicles.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhu, Tao & Wills, Richard G.A. & Lot, Roberto & Kong, Xiaodan & Yan, Xingda, 2021. "Optimal sizing and sensitivity analysis of a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:221:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221001006
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.119851
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221001006
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119851?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Song, Ziyou & Hofmann, Heath & Li, Jianqiu & Han, Xuebing & Ouyang, Minggao, 2015. "Optimization for a hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicles using dynamic programing approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 151-162.
    2. Gert Berckmans & Maarten Messagie & Jelle Smekens & Noshin Omar & Lieselot Vanhaverbeke & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2017. "Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-20, September.
    3. Song, Ziyou & Li, Jianqiu & Hou, Jun & Hofmann, Heath & Ouyang, Minggao & Du, Jiuyu, 2018. "The battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle applications: A case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 433-441.
    4. Song, Ziyou & Zhang, Xiaobin & Li, Jianqiu & Hofmann, Heath & Ouyang, Minggao & Du, Jiuyu, 2018. "Component sizing optimization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with the hybrid energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 393-403.
    5. Borgonovo, E. & Gatti, S. & Peccati, L., 2010. "What drives value creation in investment projects? An application of sensitivity analysis to project finance transactions," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 205(1), pages 227-236, August.
    6. Peng, Jiankun & He, Hongwen & Xiong, Rui, 2017. "Rule based energy management strategy for a series–parallel plug-in hybrid electric bus optimized by dynamic programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1633-1643.
    7. Yu, Huilong & Tarsitano, Davide & Hu, Xiaosong & Cheli, Federico, 2016. "Real time energy management strategy for a fast charging electric urban bus powered by hybrid energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 322-331.
    8. Song, Ziyou & Hofmann, Heath & Li, Jianqiu & Hou, Jun & Han, Xuebing & Ouyang, Minggao, 2014. "Energy management strategies comparison for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 321-331.
    9. Tao Zhu & Haitao Min & Yuanbin Yu & Zhongmin Zhao & Tao Xu & Yang Chen & Xinyong Li & Cong Zhang, 2017. "An Optimized Energy Management Strategy for Preheating Vehicle-Mounted Li-ion Batteries at Subzero Temperatures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-23, February.
    10. Zhang, Shuo & Xiong, Rui & Sun, Fengchun, 2017. "Model predictive control for power management in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with a hybrid energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1654-1662.
    11. Ruan, Jiageng & Song, Qiang & Yang, Weiwei, 2019. "The application of hybrid energy storage system with electrified continuously variable transmission in battery electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 315-330.
    12. Wang, Yujie & Sun, Zhendong & Chen, Zonghai, 2019. "Development of energy management system based on a rule-based power distribution strategy for hybrid power sources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 1055-1066.
    13. Song, Ziyou & Hou, Jun & Xu, Shaobing & Ouyang, Minggao & Li, Jianqiu, 2017. "The influence of driving cycle characteristics on the integrated optimization of hybrid energy storage system for electric city buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 91-100.
    14. Haitao Min & Changlu Lai & Yuanbin Yu & Tao Zhu & Cong Zhang, 2017. "Comparison Study of Two Semi-Active Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications and Their Experimental Validation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-20, February.
    15. Liu, Chang & Wang, Yujie & Chen, Zonghai, 2019. "Degradation model and cycle life prediction for lithium-ion battery used in hybrid energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 796-806.
    16. Li, Jianwei & Gee, Anthony M. & Zhang, Min & Yuan, Weijia, 2015. "Analysis of battery lifetime extension in a SMES-battery hybrid energy storage system using a novel battery lifetime model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 175-185.
    17. Luta, Doudou N. & Raji, Atanda K., 2019. "Optimal sizing of hybrid fuel cell-supercapacitor storage system for off-grid renewable applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 530-540.
    18. Chen, Zeyu & Xiong, Rui & Wang, Chun & Cao, Jiayi, 2017. "An on-line predictive energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to counter the uncertain prediction of the driving cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1663-1672.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Huang, Xiaohui & Huang, Qi & Cao, Huajun & Wang, Qianyue & Yan, Wanbin & Cao, Le, 2023. "Battery capacity selection for electric construction machinery considering variable operating conditions and multiple interest claims," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    2. Niu, Junyan & Zhuang, Weichao & Ye, Jianwei & Song, Ziyou & Yin, Guodong & Zhang, Yuanjian, 2022. "Optimal sizing and learning-based energy management strategy of NCR/LTO hybrid battery system for electric taxis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    3. Elango Sangeetha & Vijayapriya Ramachandran, 2022. "Different Topologies of Electrical Machines, Storage Systems, and Power Electronic Converters and Their Control for Battery Electric Vehicles—A Technical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-28, November.
    4. Ju, Fei & Du, Wei & Zhuang, Weichao & Li, Bingbing & Wang, Tao & Wang, Weiwei & Ma, Huijie, 2024. "Profit-effective component sizing for electric delivery trucks with dual motor coupling powertrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    5. Youssef Amry & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Franck Le Gall & Mounir Ghogho & Soumia El Hani, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-30, August.
    6. Zhang, Mingming & Nie, Jinchen & Su, Bin & Liu, Liyun, 2024. "An option game model applicable to multi-agent cooperation investment in energy storage projects," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    7. Dong, Ao & Ma, Ruifei & Deng, Yelin, 2023. "Optimization on charging of the direct hybrid lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor for high power application through resistance balancing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    8. Rahimi, Mohammad & Abbaspour-Fard, Mohammad Hossein & Rohani, Abbas, 2021. "A multi-data-driven procedure towards a comprehensive understanding of the activated carbon electrodes performance (using for supercapacitor) employing ANN technique," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 980-992.
    9. Aissa Benhammou & Hamza Tedjini & Mohammed Amine Hartani & Rania M. Ghoniem & Ali Alahmer, 2023. "Accurate and Efficient Energy Management System of Fuel Cell/Battery/Supercapacitor/AC and DC Generators Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-27, June.
    10. Kim, Dong-Min & Lee, Soo-Gyung & Kim, Dae-Kee & Park, Min-Ro & Lim, Myung-Seop, 2022. "Sizing and optimization process of hybrid electric propulsion system for heavy-duty vehicle based on Gaussian process modeling considering traction motor characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    11. Pedram Asef & Marzia Milan & Andrew Lapthorn & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, 2021. "Future Trends and Aging Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-28, December.
    12. Zhu, Tao & Wills, Richard G.A. & Lot, Roberto & Ruan, Haijun & Jiang, Zhihao, 2021. "Adaptive energy management of a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles based on flexible perception and neural network fitting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    13. Yin, Linfei & Luo, Shikui & Ma, Chenxiao, 2021. "Expandable depth and width adaptive dynamic programming for economic smart generation control of smart grids," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    14. Takele Ferede Agajie & Ahmed Ali & Armand Fopah-Lele & Isaac Amoussou & Baseem Khan & Carmen Lilí Rodríguez Velasco & Emmanuel Tanyi, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review on Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources with Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-26, January.
    15. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Lago Sari, Rafael & Martinez-Boggio, Santiago, 2022. "Energy assessment of an electrically heated catalyst in a hybrid RCCI truck," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    16. Miranda, Matheus H.R. & Silva, Fabrício L. & Lourenço, Maria A.M. & Eckert, Jony J. & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2022. "Electric vehicle powertrain and fuzzy controller optimization using a planar dynamics simulation based on a real-world driving cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhu, Tao & Lot, Roberto & Wills, Richard G.A. & Yan, Xingda, 2020. "Sizing a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system with battery degradation consideration for high-performance electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    2. Zhu, Tao & Wills, Richard G.A. & Lot, Roberto & Ruan, Haijun & Jiang, Zhihao, 2021. "Adaptive energy management of a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles based on flexible perception and neural network fitting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    3. Song, Ziyou & Li, Jianqiu & Hou, Jun & Hofmann, Heath & Ouyang, Minggao & Du, Jiuyu, 2018. "The battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle applications: A case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 433-441.
    4. da Silva, Samuel Filgueira & Eckert, Jony Javorski & Corrêa, Fernanda Cristina & Silva, Fabrício Leonardo & Silva, Ludmila C.A. & Dedini, Franco Giuseppe, 2022. "Dual HESS electric vehicle powertrain design and fuzzy control based on multi-objective optimization to increase driving range and battery life cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    5. Diana Lemian & Florin Bode, 2022. "Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for Electrical Vehicles: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-13, August.
    6. Xingyue Jiang & Jianjun Hu & Meixia Jia & Yong Zheng, 2018. "Parameter Matching and Instantaneous Power Allocation for the Hybrid Energy Storage System of Pure Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, July.
    7. Ruan, Jiageng & Song, Qiang & Yang, Weiwei, 2019. "The application of hybrid energy storage system with electrified continuously variable transmission in battery electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 315-330.
    8. Yang, Bo & Zhu, Tianjiao & Zhang, Xiaoshun & Wang, Jingbo & Shu, Hongchun & Li, Shengnan & He, Tingyi & Yang, Lei & Yu, Tao, 2020. "Design and implementation of Battery/SMES hybrid energy storage systems used in electric vehicles: A nonlinear robust fractional-order control approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    9. Hu, Jie & Liu, Di & Du, Changqing & Yan, Fuwu & Lv, Chen, 2020. "Intelligent energy management strategy of hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicle based on driving pattern recognition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    10. Randive, Vaibhav & Subramanian, Shankar C. & Thondiyath, Asokan, 2021. "Design and analysis of a hybrid electric powertrain for military tracked vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    11. Nguyễn, Bảo-Huy & Vo-Duy, Thanh & Henggeler Antunes, Carlos & Trovão, João Pedro F., 2021. "Multi-objective benchmark for energy management of dual-source electric vehicles: An optimal control approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    12. Yang, Weiwei & Ruan, Jiageng & Yang, Jue & Zhang, Nong, 2020. "Investigation of integrated uninterrupted dual input transmission and hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    13. Liu, Xinzhi & Qi, Nanjian & Dai, Keren & Yin, Yajiang & Zhao, Jiahao & Wang, Xiaofeng & You, Zheng, 2022. "Sponge Supercapacitor rule-based energy management strategy for wireless sensor nodes optimized by using dynamic programing algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    14. Fengqi Zhang & Lihua Wang & Serdar Coskun & Hui Pang & Yahui Cui & Junqiang Xi, 2020. "Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Review, Classification, Comparison, and Outlook," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-35, June.
    15. Wang, Yue & Zeng, Xiaohua & Song, Dafeng, 2020. "Hierarchical optimal intelligent energy management strategy for a power-split hybrid electric bus based on driving information," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    16. Li, Jianwei & Wang, Xudong & Zhang, Zhenyu & Le Blond, Simon & Yang, Qingqing & Zhang, Min & Yuan, Weijia, 2017. "Analysis of a new design of the hybrid energy storage system used in the residential m-CHP systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 169-179.
    17. Ashleigh Townsend & Rupert Gouws, 2022. "A Comparative Review of Lead-Acid, Lithium-Ion and Ultra-Capacitor Technologies and Their Degradation Mechanisms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-29, July.
    18. Wu, Yue & Huang, Zhiwu & Hofmann, Heath & Liu, Yongjie & Huang, Jiahao & Hu, Xiaosong & Peng, Jun & Song, Ziyou, 2022. "Hierarchical predictive control for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system under vehicle-following scenarios," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    19. Liu, Huanlong & Chen, Guanpeng & Li, Dafa & Wang, Jiawei & Zhou, Jianyi, 2021. "Energy active adjustment and bidirectional transfer management strategy of the electro-hydrostatic hydraulic hybrid powertrain for battery bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    20. Ashleigh Townsend & Rupert Gouws, 2023. "A Comparative Review of Capacity Measurement in Energy Storage Devices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-26, May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:221:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221001006. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.