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Electric Vehicle Charging Modes, Technologies and Applications of Smart Charging

Author

Listed:
  • Afaq Ahmad

    (Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Muhammad Khalid

    (School of Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Zahid Ullah

    (Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Naveed Ahmad

    (Department of Computer Science, Prince Sultan University, Riydah 12435, Saudi Arabia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Mohammad Aljaidi

    (Department of Computer Science, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13116, Jordan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Faheem Ahmed Malik

    (Northumbria Future Aerospace, Control and Transportation Research Group (n-FACT), Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Umar Manzoor

    (Department of Computer Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

The rise of the intelligent, local charging facilitation and environmentally friendly aspects of electric vehicles (EVs) has grabbed the attention of many end-users. However, there are still numerous challenges faced by researchers trying to put EVs into competition with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The major challenge in EVs is quick recharging and the selection of an optimal charging station. In this paper, we present the most recent research on EV charging management systems and their role in smart cities. EV charging can be done either in parking mode or on-the-move mode. This review work is novel due to many factors, such as that it focuses on discussing centralized and distributed charging management techniques supported by a communication framework for the selection of an appropriate charging station (CS). Similarly, the selection of CS is evaluated on the basis of battery charging as well as battery swapping services. This review also covered plug-in charging technologies including residential, public and ultra-fast charging technologies and also discusses the major components and architecture of EVs involved in charging. In a comprehensive and detailed manner, the applications and challenges in different charging modes, CS selection, and future work have been discussed. This is the first attempt of its kind, we did not find a survey on the charging hierarchy of EVs, their architecture, or their applications in smart cities.

Suggested Citation

  • Afaq Ahmad & Muhammad Khalid & Zahid Ullah & Naveed Ahmad & Mohammad Aljaidi & Faheem Ahmed Malik & Umar Manzoor, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Charging Modes, Technologies and Applications of Smart Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-32, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:24:p:9471-:d:1002879
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Jie Hu & Wentong Cao & Feng Jiang & Lingling Hu & Qian Chen & Weiguang Zheng & Junming Zhou, 2023. "Study on Multi-Objective Optimization of Power System Parameters of Battery Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-23, May.

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