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Mitigation strategies for Li-ion battery thermal runaway: A review

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  • Xu, Bin
  • Lee, Jinwoo
  • Kwon, Daeil
  • Kong, Lingxi
  • Pecht, Michael

Abstract

Li-ion batteries are commercially successful power sources for diverse applications. However, the characteristics of Li-ion batteries make them susceptible to thermal runaway, resulting in fires and explosions. To mitigate safety hazards prior to the occurrence of thermal runaway, various strategies have been applied for battery cells, as well as battery packages. This article reviews safety strategies for Li-ion batteries, including positive temperature coefficient thermistors, positive temperature coefficient electrodes, current interrupt devices, safety vents, protection circuitry, shutdown separators, electrolyte additives, safe electrolytes, passive protection designs in battery packages, and battery management systems. The trigger conditions, protection mechanisms, drawbacks, and applications of representative strategies are discussed, and potential future risk mitigation approaches are explored.

Suggested Citation

  • Xu, Bin & Lee, Jinwoo & Kwon, Daeil & Kong, Lingxi & Pecht, Michael, 2021. "Mitigation strategies for Li-ion battery thermal runaway: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:150:y:2021:i:c:s1364032121007206
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111437
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    6. Arjan F. Kirkels & Jeroen Bleker & Henny A. Romijn, 2022. "Ready for the Road? A Socio-Technical Investigation of Fire Safety Improvement Options for Lithium-Ion Traction Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-22, May.
    7. Zhou, Zhizuan & Zhou, Xiaodong & Li, Maoyu & Cao, Bei & Liew, K.M. & Yang, Lizhong, 2022. "Experimentally exploring prevention of thermal runaway propagation of large-format prismatic lithium-ion battery module," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    8. Huang, Zhiliang & Wang, Huaixing & Zou, Wei & Zhang, Rongchuan & Wang, Yuhan & Chen, Jie & Wu, Shengben, 2024. "An online evaluation model for mechanical/thermal states in prismatic lithium-ion batteries under fast charging/discharging," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    9. Xie, Jiale & Xu, Jingfan & Wei, Zhongbao & Li, Xiaoyu, 2023. "Fault isolating and grading for li-ion battery packs based on pseudo images and convolutional neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
    10. Huang, Zhiliang & Wang, Huaixing & Yang, Tongguang & Chen, Zeye & Li, Hangyang & Chen, Jie & Wu, Shengben, 2023. "An efficient multi-state evaluation approach for lithium-ion pouch cells under dynamic conditions in pressure/current/temperature," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    11. Ma, Ying & Yang, Heng & Zuo, Hongyan & Zuo, Qingsong & He, Xiaoxiang & Chen, Wei & Wei, Rongrong, 2023. "EG@Bi-MOF derived porous carbon/lauric acid composite phase change materials for thermal management of batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    12. Fransson, Matilda & Broche, Ludovic & Reid, Hamish T. & Patel, Drasti & Rack, Alexander & Shearing, Paul R., 2024. "Investigating thermal runaway dynamics and integrated safety mechanisms of micro-batteries using high-speed X-ray imaging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 369(C).
    13. Lu, Fenglian & Chen, Weiye & Hu, Shuzhi & Chen, Lei & Sharshir, Swellam W. & Dong, Chuanshuai & Zhang, Lizhi, 2024. "Achieving a smart thermal management for lithium-ion batteries by electrically-controlled crystallization of supercooled calcium chloride hexahydrate solution," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    14. Cui, Zhaopeng & Du, Shuai & Wang, Ruzhu & Cheng, Chao & Wei, Liuzhu & Wang, Xuejiao, 2024. "Development and experimental study of a small-scale adsorption cold storage prototype with stable and tunable output for off-grid cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    15. Chen, Mingyi & Yu, Yue & Ouyang, Dongxu & Weng, Jingwen & Zhao, Luyao & Wang, Jian & Chen, Yin, 2024. "Research progress of enhancing battery safety with phase change materials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    16. Martina Cianciullo & Giorgio Vilardi & Barbara Mazzarotta & Roberto Bubbico, 2022. "Simulation of the Thermal Runaway Onset in Li-Ion Cells—Influence of Cathode Materials and Operating Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-24, June.
    17. E, Jiaqiang & Xiao, Hanxu & Tian, Sicheng & Huang, Yuxin, 2024. "A comprehensive review on thermal runaway model of a lithium-ion battery: Mechanism, thermal, mechanical, propagation, gas venting and combustion," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).

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