IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i2p636-d479801.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Burnout and Depression in Portuguese Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic—The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience

Author

Listed:
  • Carla Serrão

    (School of Education-Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal and Centre for Research and Innovation in Education, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
    The authors contributed equally to this paper.)

  • Ivone Duarte

    (Faculty of Medicine, MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Decision in Health, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
    Faculty of Medicine, CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
    The authors contributed equally to this paper.)

  • Luísa Castro

    (Faculty of Medicine, MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Decision in Health, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
    Faculty of Medicine, CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
    School of Health Sciences-Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal)

  • Andreia Teixeira

    (Faculty of Medicine, MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Decision in Health, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
    Faculty of Medicine, CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
    IPVC–Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal)

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCW) have been exposed to multiple psychosocial stressors. Resilience might protect employees from the negative consequences of chronic stress. The aim of this study was to explore the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between depression and burnout (personal, work-related, and client-related). A cross-sectional study was performed using an online questionnaire distributed via social networks. A survey was conducted comprising standardized measures of resilience (Resilience Scale-25 items), depression (subscale of Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 items), and burnout (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory Scale-19 items). A total of 2008 subjects completed the survey, and a hierarchical regression model was estimated for each burnout dimension. The results revealed that depression had not only a directed effect on personal, work- and client-related burnout, but also an indirect small effect on it through resilience. Psychological resilience played a partial mediating role between depression and all burnout dimensions. This partial mediation suggests that there may be other possible variables (e.g., social connection, self-compassion, gratitude, sense of purpose) that further explain the associations.

Suggested Citation

  • Carla Serrão & Ivone Duarte & Luísa Castro & Andreia Teixeira, 2021. "Burnout and Depression in Portuguese Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic—The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-13, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:636-:d:479801
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/2/636/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/2/636/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Paweł Wańkowicz & Aleksandra Szylińska & Iwona Rotter, 2020. "Assessment of Mental Health Factors among Health Professionals Depending on Their Contact with COVID-19 Patients," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-8, August.
    2. Lourdes Luceño-Moreno & Beatriz Talavera-Velasco & Yolanda García-Albuerne & Jesús Martín-García, 2020. "Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Levels of Resilience and Burnout in Spanish Health Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-29, July.
    3. Luke Treglown & Kat Palaiou & Anthony Zarola & Adrian Furnham, 2016. "The Dark Side of Resilience and Burnout: A Moderation-Mediation Model," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(6), pages 1-16, June.
    4. Roberta Gasparro & Cristiano Scandurra & Nelson Mauro Maldonato & Pasquale Dolce & Vincenzo Bochicchio & Alessandra Valletta & Gilberto Sammartino & Pasquale Sammartino & Mauro Mariniello & Alessandro, 2020. "Perceived Job Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms among Italian Dentists: The Moderating Role of Fear of COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-12, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Georgia Libera Finstad & Gabriele Giorgi & Lucrezia Ginevra Lulli & Caterina Pandolfi & Giulia Foti & José M. León-Perez & Francisco J. Cantero-Sánchez & Nicola Mucci, 2021. "Resilience, Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Growth in the Workplace Following COVID-19: A Narrative Review on the Positive Aspects of Trauma," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-25, September.
    2. Yoshito Nishimura & Tomoko Miyoshi & Hideharu Hagiya & Yoshinori Kosaki & Fumio Otsuka, 2021. "Burnout of Healthcare Workers amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Japanese Cross-Sectional Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-8, March.
    3. Alessandro de Sire & Nicola Marotta & Simona Raimo & Lorenzo Lippi & Maria Teresa Inzitari & Anna Tasselli & Alessandra Gimigliano & Liana Palermo & Marco Invernizzi & Antonio Ammendolia, 2021. "Psychological Distress and Work Environment Perception by Physical Therapists from Southern Italy during COVID-19 Pandemic: The C.A.L.A.B.R.I.A Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-12, September.
    4. Elizabeth Keller & Meghan Widestrom & Jory Gould & Runcheng Fang & Kermit G. Davis & Gordon Lee Gillespie, 2022. "Examining the Impact of Stressors during COVID-19 on Emergency Department Healthcare Workers: An International Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-15, March.
    5. Veronika Pacutova & Andrea Madarasova Geckova & Peter Kizek & Andrea F. de Winter & Sijmen A. Reijneveld, 2021. "The Impact of Pandemic Management on the Quality of Life of Slovak Dentists," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-9, May.
    6. Nicola Magnavita & Francesco Chirico & Sergio Garbarino & Nicola Luigi Bragazzi & Emiliano Santacroce & Salvatore Zaffina, 2021. "SARS/MERS/SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks and Burnout Syndrome among Healthcare Workers. An Umbrella Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-13, April.
    7. Nino Stocchetti & Giulia Segre & Elisa R. Zanier & Michele Zanetti & Rita Campi & Francesca Scarpellini & Antonio Clavenna & Maurizio Bonati, 2021. "Burnout in Intensive Care Unit Workers during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Center Cross-Sectional Italian Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-15, June.
    8. Carla Miguel & Luísa Castro & José Paulo Marques dos Santos & Carla Serrão & Ivone Duarte, 2021. "Impact of COVID-19 on Medicine Lecturers’ Mental Health and Emergency Remote Teaching Challenges," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-18, June.
    9. Nannan Wu & Fan Ding & Ronghua Zhang & Yaoyao Cai & Hongfei Zhang, 2022. "The Relationship between Perceived Social Support and Life Satisfaction: The Chain Mediating Effect of Resilience and Depression among Chinese Medical Staff," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-15, December.
    10. Eleonora Gambaro & Carla Gramaglia & Debora Marangon & Danila Azzolina & Manuela Probo & Marco Rudoni & Patrizia Zeppegno, 2021. "The Mediating Role of Gender, Age, COVID-19 Symptoms and Changing of Mansion on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers Operating in Italy during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-18, December.
    11. Katarzyna Piwowar-Sulej & Dominika Bąk-Grabowska, 2021. "The Impact of Mandate Contract and Self-Employment on Workers’ Health—Evidence from Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-20, March.
    12. Jinyong Chen & Wafa Ghardallou & Ubaldo Comite & Naveed Ahmad & Hyungseo Bobby Ryu & Antonio Ariza-Montes & Heesup Han, 2022. "Managing Hospital Employees’ Burnout through Transformational Leadership: The Role of Resilience, Role Clarity, and Intrinsic Motivation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-23, September.
    13. Nazeer Hussain Khan & Sajid Hassan & Sher Bahader & Sidra Fatima & Syed Muhammad Imran Haider Zaidi & Razia Virk & Kexin Jiang & Enshe Jiang, 2022. "How Daily Obstacles Affect Frontline Healthcare Professionals’ Mental Health during Omicron: A Daily Diary Study of Handwashing Behavior," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-18, July.
    14. José Vítor Gonçalves & Luísa Castro & Guilhermina Rêgo & Rui Nunes, 2021. "Burnout Determinants among Nurses Working in Palliative Care during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-14, March.
    15. Ivone Duarte & Ana Alves & Ana Coelho & Ana Ferreira & Beatriz Cabral & Bebiana Silva & João Peralta & Juliana Silva & Pedro Domingues & Pedro Nunes & Carla Serrão & Cristina Santos, 2022. "The Mediating Role of Resilience and Life Satisfaction in the Relationship between Stress and Burnout in Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, February.
    16. Myoungjin Kwon & Sung Yun Ahn & Sun Ae Kim, 2022. "Factors Influencing Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged South Korean Workers by Job Type: A Population-Based Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-12, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yiming Liang & Kankan Wu & Yongjie Zhou & Xin Huang & Yueyue Zhou & Zhengkui Liu, 2020. "Mental Health in Frontline Medical Workers during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Epidemic in China: A Comparison with the General Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Cristine Maria Warmling & Rubens Spin-Neto & Luciana Zambillo Palma & Manoelito Ferreira Silva-Junior & Renata Goulart Castro & Mirelle Finkler & Márcia Helena Baldani & Fernando Valentim Bitencourt, 2023. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Oral Health Workforce: A Multicenter Study from the Southern Region of Brazil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-12, January.
    3. Federica Di Spirito & Alessandra Amato & Maria Pia Di Palo & Maria Contaldo & Francesco D’Ambrosio & Roberto Lo Giudice & Massimo Amato, 2022. "Oral Lesions Following Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-18, August.
    4. Gemma Seda-Gombau & Juan José Montero-Alía & Eduard Moreno-Gabriel & Pere Torán-Monserrat, 2021. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Burnout in Primary Care Physicians in Catalonia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-12, August.
    5. Ana Magro & Aida Gutiérrez-García & Marta González-Álvarez & Mario Del Líbano, 2022. "Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Professionals in Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-14, November.
    6. Jennifer E. Moreno-Jiménez & Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso & Evangelia Demerouti & Sylvia Belda Hofheinz & Mario Chico-Fernández & Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez & Eva Garrosa, 2021. "The Role of Healthcare Professionals’ Passion in Predicting Secondary Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Growth in the Face of COVID-19: A Longitudinal Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-16, April.
    7. Nesrine Tebbeb & Fanny Villemagne & Thomas Prieur & Solène Dorier & Emmanuel Fort & Thomas Célarier & Luc Fontana & Nathalie Barth & Carole Pélissier, 2022. "COVID-19 Health Crisis Workloads and Screening for Psychological Impact in Nursing Home Staff: A Qualitative and Quantitative Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-17, March.
    8. Claudia López-Madrigal & Jesús de la Fuente & Javier García-Manglano & José Manuel Martínez-Vicente & Francisco Javier Peralta-Sánchez & Jorge Amate-Romera, 2021. "The Role of Gender and Age in the Emotional Well-Being Outcomes of Young Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-20, January.
    9. Margaux Robert & Rebecca Shankland & Valentina A. Andreeva & Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy & Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot & Alice Bellicha & Christophe Leys & Serge Hercberg & Mathilde Touvier & Sandrine Péneau, 2022. "Resilience Is Associated with Less Eating Disorder Symptoms in the NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-14, January.
    10. Mario J. Valladares-Garrido & Luis Eduardo Zapata-Castro & Cinthia Karina Picón-Reategui & Ana Paula Mesta-Pintado & Ronald Alberto Picón-Reategui & Mariana Huaman-Garcia & César Johan Pereira-Victori, 2022. "Association between Working Time and Burnout Syndrome in Peruvian Military during the Second Epidemic Wave of COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-14, October.
    11. Maria Rosaria Gualano & Tiziana Sinigaglia & Giuseppina Lo Moro & Stefano Rousset & Agnese Cremona & Fabrizio Bert & Roberta Siliquini, 2021. "The Burden of Burnout among Healthcare Professionals of Intensive Care Units and Emergency Departments during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-17, August.
    12. Mohamed Mekhemar & Sameh Attia & Christof Dörfer & Jonas Conrad, 2021. "Dental Nurses’ Mental Health in Germany: A Nationwide Survey during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-18, July.
    13. Osnat Bashkin & Nadav Davidovitch & Noam Asna & Doron Schwartz & Keren Dopelt, 2021. "The Organizational Atmosphere in Israeli Hospital during COVID-19: Concerns, Perceptions, and Burnout," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-9, May.
    14. Juan Carlos De Haro & Eva María Rosel & Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido & Ester Leno-Durán & Pilar Requena & Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez, 2022. "Psychological Impact of COVID-19 in the Setting of Dentistry: A Review Article," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-37, December.
    15. Federica Di Spirito & Alfredo Iandolo & Alessandra Amato & Mario Caggiano & Annunziata Raimondo & Serena Lembo & Stefano Martina, 2022. "Prevalence, Features and Degree of Association of Oral Lesions in COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-15, June.
    16. Gabriele d’Ettorre & Giancarlo Ceccarelli & Letizia Santinelli & Paolo Vassalini & Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti & Francesco Alessandri & Alexia E. Koukopoulos & Alessandro Russo & Gabriella d’Ettorre & L, 2021. "Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Healthcare Workers Dealing with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-16, January.
    17. Lee-Ling Huang & Hsin-Cheng Chung & Li-Ling Huang & Shu-Yuan Cheng & Chuan-Hsiung Lin & Te-Feng Yeh, 2023. "Mental Health of Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: The First Wave Outbreak Occurred 1 Year Later Than in Other Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-13, February.
    18. Hafsah Saeed & Ardalan Eslami & Najah T. Nassif & Ann M. Simpson & Sara Lal, 2022. "Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-26, February.
    19. Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria & Beltran Villarreal-Rao & Matilde Luna & Wendoline Rojas-Mendoza & Christoper A. Alarcon-Ruiz & David Villarreal-Zegarra & Ana L. Vilela-Estrada & Samantha Ramírez, 2022. "Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes in Hospital Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-18, April.
    20. Glory Makhado & Busisiwe Ntuli & Lindiwe Zungu & Ntevhe Thovhogi & Peter Modupi Mphekgwana & Sogolo Lucky Lebelo & Sphiwe Madiba & Perpetua Modjadji, 2024. "The Wellbeing of Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Era in Public Primary Health Facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(3), pages 1-20, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:636-:d:479801. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.