IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v59y2013icp1-21.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Retrofits and options for the alternatives to HCFC-22

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Zhao
  • Wu, Xi

Abstract

HCFC-22, widely used in variety of refrigerating/heating equipment, has been scheduled to be phased out by Montreal Protocol. This decision will result in significant reduction of ozone depletion and global warming, holding on the climate benefits accrued so far. In this paper, significant focuses were paid on the HCFC-22 elimination policies, advanced technologies, feasibility substitutes, revolutionary innovations, assessment strategy and developing tendency. The latest developing situation of R744, R717, HC-290, RE170, HFC-32, HFC-161, HFC-152a, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze (E) and their blends were summarized and evaluated technically. Currently there has been no such kind of fluids which can replace HCFC-22 perfectly in most of existing equipment. Many factors must be taken into consideration when selecting an alternative, such as thermodynamic property, environmental impact, system efficiency, technology, flammability, toxicity, cost, policy etc., which can be regarded as a multi-objective decision problem. It is predicted to be increasingly important to research the flammable characteristics of refrigerants, including flammable limits, ignition energy, heat and product of combustion. Special security arrangements were suggested when operating with the flammable refrigerants, covering the whole lifetime. In consideration of current situations, the diversified solutions are the inevitable trends on the basic of comprehensive comparison.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Zhao & Wu, Xi, 2013. "Retrofits and options for the alternatives to HCFC-22," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1-21.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:59:y:2013:i:c:p:1-21
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.065
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544213004957
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.065?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yang, Jun Lan & Ma, Yi Tai & Li, Min Xia & Hua, Jun, 2010. "Modeling and simulating the transcritical CO2 heat pump system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4812-4818.
    2. Zhou, Guobing & Zhang, Yufeng, 2010. "Performance of a split-type air conditioner matched with coiled adiabatic capillary tubes using HCFC22 and HC290," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(5), pages 1522-1528, May.
    3. La Rocca, Vincenzo & Panno, Giuseppe, 2011. "Experimental performance evaluation of a vapour compression refrigerating plant when replacing R22 with alternative refrigerants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(8), pages 2809-2815, August.
    4. Wu, Xi & Yang, Zhao & Wang, Xiaoming & Lin, Yulong, 2013. "Experimental and theoretical study on the influence of temperature and humidity on the flammability limits of ethylene (R1150)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 185-191.
    5. Florides, G. A. & Tassou, S. A. & Kalogirou, S. A. & Wrobel, L. C., 2002. "Review of solar and low energy cooling technologies for buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 6(6), pages 557-572, December.
    6. Li, Zhenming & Gong, Maoqiong & Sun, Eryan & Wu, Jianfeng & Zhou, Yuan, 2011. "Effect of low temperature on the flammability limits of methane/nitrogen mixtures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 5521-5524.
    7. Elgendy, E. & Schmidt, J. & Khalil, A. & Fatouh, M., 2011. "Performance of a gas engine driven heat pump for hot water supply systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 2883-2889.
    8. Yokoyama, Ryohei & Wakui, Tetsuya & Kamakari, Junya & Takemura, Kazuhisa, 2010. "Performance analysis of a CO2 heat pump water heating system under a daily change in a standardized demand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 718-728.
    9. Cocco, Daniele & Tola, Vittorio & Cau, Giorgio, 2006. "Performance evaluation of chemically recuperated gas turbine (CRGT) power plants fuelled by di-methyl-ether (DME)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(10), pages 1446-1458.
    10. Peterson, Richard B., 2011. "A concept for storing utility-scale electrical energy in the form of latent heat," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 6098-6109.
    11. Mercangöz, Mehmet & Hemrle, Jaroslav & Kaufmann, Lilian & Z’Graggen, Andreas & Ohler, Christian, 2012. "Electrothermal energy storage with transcritical CO2 cycles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 407-415.
    12. Tao, Y.B. & He, Y.L. & Tao, W.Q., 2010. "Exergetic analysis of transcritical CO2 residential air-conditioning system based on experimental data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(10), pages 3065-3072, October.
    13. Zhao, Yang & Guansan, Tian & Yi, Zhao & Guozheng, Zhang, 2002. "Performance and dynamic flammability of R32/134a mixtures in water-to-water heat pumps," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 127-134.
    14. Liu, Zhaoyong & Zhao, Li & Zhao, Xuezheng & Li, Hailong, 2012. "The occurrence of pinch point and its effects on the performance of high temperature heat pump," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 869-875.
    15. Park, Ki-Jung & Seo, Taebeom & Jung, Dongsoo, 2007. "Performance of alternative refrigerants for residential air-conditioning applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(10), pages 985-991, October.
    16. Aprea, Ciro & Maiorino, Angelo, 2011. "An experimental investigation of the global environmental impact of the R22 retrofit with R422D," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 1161-1170.
    17. Kalogirou, Soteris A., 2001. "Artificial neural networks in renewable energy systems applications: a review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 373-401, December.
    18. Lee, Ho-Saeng & Kim, Hyeon-Ju & Kang, Dong-gyu & Jung, Dongsoo, 2012. "Thermodynamic performance of R32/R152a mixture for water source heat pumps," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 40(1), pages 100-106.
    19. Rezayan, Omid & Behbahaninia, Ali, 2011. "Thermoeconomic optimization and exergy analysis of CO2/NH3 cascade refrigeration systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 888-895.
    20. Zilio, Claudio & Brown, J. Steven & Schiochet, Giovanni & Cavallini, Alberto, 2011. "The refrigerant R1234yf in air conditioning systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 6110-6120.
    21. Elgendy, E. & Schmidt, J. & Khalil, A. & Fatouh, M., 2010. "Performance of a gas engine heat pump (GEHP) using R410A for heating and cooling applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4941-4948.
    22. Koronaki, I.P. & Cowan, D. & Maidment, G. & Beerman, K. & Schreurs, M. & Kaar, K. & Chaer, I. & Gontarz, G. & Christodoulaki, R.I. & Cazauran, X., 2012. "Refrigerant emissions and leakage prevention across Europe – Results from the RealSkillsEurope project," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 71-80.
    23. Park, Ki-Jung & Shim, Yun-Bo & Jung, Dongsoo, 2008. "Performance of R433A for replacing HCFC22 used in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(9), pages 896-900, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mendoza-Miranda, J.M. & Mota-Babiloni, A. & Ramírez-Minguela, J.J. & Muñoz-Carpio, V.D. & Carrera-Rodríguez, M. & Navarro-Esbrí, J. & Salazar-Hernández, C., 2016. "Comparative evaluation of R1234yf, R1234ze(E) and R450A as alternatives to R134a in a variable speed reciprocating compressor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 753-766.
    2. El-Morsi, Mohamed, 2015. "Energy and exergy analysis of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as a drop in replacement for R134a in domestic refrigerators," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 344-353.
    3. Abas, Naeem & Kalair, Ali Raza & Khan, Nasrullah & Haider, Aun & Saleem, Zahid & Saleem, Muhammad Shoaib, 2018. "Natural and synthetic refrigerants, global warming: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 557-569.
    4. Cho, Il Yong & Seo, HyeongJoon & Kim, Dongwoo & Kim, Yongchan, 2016. "Performance comparison between R410A and R32 multi-heat pumps with a sub-cooler vapor injection in the heating and cooling modes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 179-187.
    5. Mota-Babiloni, Adrián & Belman-Flores, J.M. & Makhnatch, Pavel & Navarro-Esbrí, Joaquín & Barroso-Maldonado, J.M., 2018. "Experimental exergy analysis of R513A to replace R134a in a small capacity refrigeration system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 99-110.
    6. Mohanraj, M. & Belyayev, Ye. & Jayaraj, S. & Kaltayev, A., 2018. "Research and developments on solar assisted compression heat pump systems – A comprehensive review (Part A: Modeling and modifications)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 90-123.
    7. Wu, Xi & Xu, Shiming & Jiang, Mengnan, 2018. "Development of bubble absorption refrigeration technology: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3468-3482.
    8. Henchoz, Samuel & Weber, Céline & Maréchal, François & Favrat, Daniel, 2015. "Performance and profitability perspectives of a CO2 based district energy network in Geneva's City Centre," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 221-235.
    9. Mohapatra, Alok Ku & Sanjay,, 2014. "Thermodynamic assessment of impact of inlet air cooling techniques on gas turbine and combined cycle performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 191-203.
    10. Yang, Zhao & Wu, Xi & Tian, Tian, 2015. "Flammability of Trans-1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene and its binary blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 386-392.
    11. Feng, Biao & Yang, Zhao & Zhai, Rui, 2017. "Experimental research on the concentration characteristics of R32 and R161′ combustion product HF," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 671-680.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wu, Xi & Yang, Zhao & Wang, Xiaoming & Lin, Yulong, 2013. "Experimental and theoretical study on the influence of temperature and humidity on the flammability limits of ethylene (R1150)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 185-191.
    2. Aprea, Ciro & Maiorino, Angelo & Mastrullo, Rita, 2011. "Change in energy performance as a result of a R422D retrofit: An experimental analysis for a vapor compression refrigeration plant for a walk-in cooler," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 4742-4748.
    3. Xu, Xiao Xiao & Chen, Guang Ming & Tang, Li Ming & Zhu, Zhi Jiang, 2012. "Experimental investigation on performance of transcritical CO2 heat pump system with ejector under optimum high-side pressure," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 870-877.
    4. Kutub Uddin & Bidyut Baran Saha, 2022. "An Overview of Environment-Friendly Refrigerants for Domestic Air Conditioning Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-24, October.
    5. Yang, Zhao & Wu, Xi & Tian, Tian, 2015. "Flammability of Trans-1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene and its binary blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 386-392.
    6. Aprea, C. & Greco, A. & Maiorino, A., 2012. "An experimental evaluation of the greenhouse effect in the substitution of R134a with CO2," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 753-761.
    7. Kasaeian, Alibakhsh & Hosseini, Seyed Mohsen & Sheikhpour, Mojgan & Mahian, Omid & Yan, Wei-Mon & Wongwises, Somchai, 2018. "Applications of eco-friendly refrigerants and nanorefrigerants: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 91-99.
    8. Bartosz Pawela & Marek Jaszczur, 2022. "Review of Gas Engine Heat Pumps," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-16, July.
    9. Guido Francesco Frate & Lorenzo Ferrari & Umberto Desideri, 2020. "Rankine Carnot Batteries with the Integration of Thermal Energy Sources: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-28, September.
    10. Amiri Rad, Ehsan & Maddah, Saeed & Mohammadi, Saeed, 2020. "Designing and optimizing a novel cogeneration system for an office building based on thermo-economic and environmental analyses," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 342-354.
    11. Zhang, Jing & Zhang, Hong-Hu & He, Ya-Ling & Tao, Wen-Quan, 2016. "A comprehensive review on advances and applications of industrial heat pumps based on the practices in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 800-825.
    12. Comakli, K. & Simsek, F. & Comakli, O. & Sahin, B., 2009. "Determination of optimum working conditions R22 and R404A refrigerant mixtures in heat-pumps using Taguchi method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(11), pages 2451-2458, November.
    13. Morandin, Matteo & Maréchal, François & Mercangöz, Mehmet & Buchter, Florian, 2012. "Conceptual design of a thermo-electrical energy storage system based on heat integration of thermodynamic cycles – Part A: Methodology and base case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 375-385.
    14. Frate, Guido Francesco & Ferrari, Lorenzo & Desideri, Umberto, 2021. "Energy storage for grid-scale applications: Technology review and economic feasibility analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1754-1772.
    15. Zhang, Shengjun & Wang, Huaixin & Guo, Tao, 2010. "Experimental investigation of moderately high temperature water source heat pump with non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(5), pages 1554-1561, May.
    16. Zhang, Yanchao & Xie, Zhenzhen, 2022. "Thermodynamic efficiency and bounds of pumped thermal electricity storage under whole process ecological optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 711-720.
    17. Sun, Zhili & Wang, Qifan & Xie, Zhiyuan & Liu, Shengchun & Su, Dandan & Cui, Qi, 2019. "Energy and exergy analysis of low GWP refrigerants in cascade refrigeration system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 1170-1180.
    18. Guo, Hao & Gong, Maoqiong & Qin, Xiaoyu, 2019. "Performance analysis of a modified subcritical zeotropic mixture recuperative high-temperature heat pump," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 338-352.
    19. Sun, Zhili & Liang, Youcai & Liu, Shengchun & Ji, Weichuan & Zang, Runqing & Liang, Rongzhen & Guo, Zhikai, 2016. "Comparative analysis of thermodynamic performance of a cascade refrigeration system for refrigerant couples R41/R404A and R23/R404A," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 19-25.
    20. Baik, Young-Jin & Heo, Jaehyeok & Koo, Junemo & Kim, Minsung, 2014. "The effect of storage temperature on the performance of a thermo-electric energy storage using a transcritical CO2 cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 204-215.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    R22; Replace; Refrigerant; Flammability; Hydrocarbon;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • R22 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Other Demand

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:59:y:2013:i:c:p:1-21. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.