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Content
2000
1999
- 1999/181 Assessing External Sustainability in India
by Mr. Tim Callen & Mr. Paul Cashin
- 1999/180 The Political Economy of Redistributive Social Security
by Mr. Pierre Pestieau
- 1999/179 The Efficiency of Education Expenditure in Portugal
by Mr. Benedict J. Clements
- 1999/178 Currency and Banking Crises: The Early Warnings of Distress
by Graciela Laura Kaminsky
- 1999/177 Redistribution Through Public Employment: The Case of Italy
by Mr. Stephan Danninger & Mr. Alberto Alesina & Mr. Massimo V. Rostagno
- 1999/176 Fiscal Federalism and Government Size in Transition Economies: The Case of Moldova
by International Monetary Fund
- 1999/175 Global Equilibrium Exchange Rates: Euro, Dollar, “Ins,” “Outs,” and Other Major Currencies in a Panel Cointegration Framework
by Ms. Susana Garcia Cervero & J. Humberto Lopez & Mr. Enrique Alberola Ila & Mr. Angel J. Ubide
- 1999/174 Risk, Resources, and Education—Public Versus Private Financing of Higher Education
by International Monetary Fund
- 1999/173 Demand for M2 in an Emerging-Market Economy: An Error-Correction Model for Malaysia
by Mr. Subramanian S Sriram
- 1999/172 Dominance Testing of Social Sector Expenditures and Taxes in Africa
by Mr. David E. Sahn & Mr. Stephen D. Younger
- 1999/171 Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice
by Anke Hoeffler & Ms. Catherine A Pattillo & Mr. Paul Collier
- 1999/170 Central Bank Independence and the Conduct of Monetary Policy in the United Kingdom
by Hossein Samiei & Mr. Jan Kees Martijn
- 1999/169 The Myth of Comoving Commodity Prices
by Mr. C. John McDermott & Mr. Alasdair Scott & Mr. Paul Cashin
- 1999/168 Global Liquidity and Asset Prices: Measurement, Implications, and Spillovers
by Klaas Baks & Mr. Charles Frederick Kramer
- 1999/167 Ownership of Capital in Monetary Economies and the Inflation Tax on Equity
by Mr. Thomas F. Cosimano & Mr. Ralph Chami & Connel Fullenkamp
- 1999/166 Why Do Firms Pay Antidumping Duty?
by Mrs. Poonam Gupta
- 1999/165 Rethinking Subnational Taxes: A New Look At Tax Assignment
by Mr. Richard Miller Bird
- 1999/164 Multiple Equilibria, Contagion, and the Emerging Market Crises
by Mr. Paul R Masson
- 1999/163 Income Distribution, Informal Safety Nets, and Social Expenditures in Uganda
by Mr. Calvin A McDonald & Mr. Christian Schiller & Mr. Kenichi Ueda
- 1999/162 The Suitability of ASEAN for a Regional Currency Arrangement
by Mr. Paolo Mauro & Mr. Tamim Bayoumi
- 1999/161 The Disappearing Openness-Inflation Relationship: A Cross-Country Analysis of Inflation Rates
by Mr. M. F. Bleaney
- 1999/160 The 1994 Mexican Economic Crisis: The Role of Government Expenditure and Relative Prices
by Mr. Eliot Kalter & Mr. Armando P. Ribas
- 1999/159 Political Economy Aspects of Trade and Financial Liberalization: Implications for Sequencing
by Ms. Rina Bhattacharya
- 1999/158 Linkages Among Asset Markets in the United States: Tests in a Bivariate GARCH Framework
by Parha Deb & Mr. Salim M. Darbar
- 1999/157 Suriname: A Case Study of High Inflation
by Mr. Sukhdev Shah & Mr. Benedikt Braumann
- 1999/156 On the Fast Track to EU Accession: Macroeconomic Effects and Policy Challenges for Estonia
by Mr. Günther Taube & Mr. Rene Weber
- 1999/155 Booms and Slumps in World Commodity Prices
by Mr. C. John McDermott & Mr. Paul Cashin & Mr. Alasdair Scott
- 1999/154 Identifying the Common Component in International Economic Fluctuations: A New Approach
by Robin L. Lumsdaine & Mr. Eswar S Prasad
- 1999/153 Regulation of Withdrawals in Individual Account Systems
by Mr. Jan Walliser
- 1999/152 Has the Nature of Crises Changed? A Quarter Century of Currency Crises in Argentina
by Ms. Nada Choueiri & Graciela Laura Kaminsky
- 1999/151 Bank Rating Changes and Bank Stock Returns—Puzzling Evidence from the Emerging Markets
by Mr. Anthony J. Richards & Mr. David Deddouche
- 1999/150 Foreign Investment in Colombia’s Financial Sector
by Mr. Adolfo Barajas & Ms. Natalia Salazar & Mr. Roberto Steiner
- 1999/149 Why Has Inflation in the United States Remained So Low? Reassessing the Importance of Labor Costs and the Price of Imports
by Mr. Jorge A Chan-Lau & Mr. Stephen Tokarick
- 1999/148 Idiosyncratic Risk: An Empirical Analysis, with Implications for the Risk of Relative-Value Trading Strategies
by Mr. Anthony J. Richards
- 1999/147 Monitoring Banking Sector Fragility: A Multivariate Logit Approach
by Ms. Enrica Detragiache & Asli Demirgüç-Kunt
- 1999/146 Sources of Contagion: Finance or Trade?
by International Monetary Fund
- 1999/145 Trade and Industrialization in Developing Agricultural Economies
by Mr. Athanasios Vamvakidis & Mr. Sergei Dodzin
- 1999/144 Can a Shorter Workweek Induce Higher Employment? Mandatory Reductions in the Workweek and Employment Subsidies
by Mr. S. Nuri Erbas & Chera L. Sayers
- 1999/143 Corporate Leverage, Bankruptcy, and Output Adjustment in Post-Crisis East Asia
by Mr. Se-Jik Kim & Mr. Mark R. Stone
- 1999/142 From Toronto Terms to the HIPC Initiative: A Brief History of Debt Relief for Low-Income Countries
by Ms. Christina Daseking & Mr. Robert Powell
- 1999/141 Nominal Exchange Rates and Nominal Interest Rate Differentials
by Mr. Francisco d Nadal De Simone & Weshah Razzak
- 1999/140 Central Bank Participation in Currency Options Markets
by Mr. Peter Breuer
- 1999/139 Recapitalizing Banks with Public Funds: Selected Issues
by International Monetary Fund
- 1999/138 The Asia Crisis: Causes, Policy Responses, and Outcomes
by Mr. Andrew Berg
- 1999/137 A Peek Inside the Black Box: The Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Japan
by Mr. Tamim Bayoumi & Mr. James Morsink
- 1999/136 Portfolio Diversification, Leverage, and Financial Contagion
by T. Todd Smith & Mr. Garry J. Schinasi
- 1999/135 Corporate Insolvency Procedures and Bank Behavior: A Study of Selected Asian Economies
by Mr. Qaizar Hussain & Clas Wihlborg
- 1999/134 Macroeconomic and Sectoral Effects of Terms-of-Trade Shocks: The Experience of the Oil-Exporting Developing Countries
by International Monetary Fund
- 1999/133 Country Risks and the Investment Activity of U.S. Multinationals in Developing Countries
by Mr. Alexander Lehmann
- 1999/132 Exchange-Rate-Based Stabilization: A Critical Look at the Stylized Facts
by Mr. A. J Hamann
- 1999/131 EMU Challenges European Labor Markets
by Christiane Krieger-Boden & Dirk Dohse & Rüdiger Soltwedel
- 1999/130 Skill Acquisition and Firm Creation in Transition Economies
by Wenli Li & Ms. Zuzana Brixiova & Tarik Yousef
- 1999/129 Emerging Markets Crisis: An Asset Markets Perspective
by Arvind Krishnamurthy & Mr. Ricardo J. Caballero
- 1999/128 Neglected Heterogeneity and Dynamics in Cross-Country Savings Regressions
by International Monetary Fund
- 1999/127 The Enforcement of Property Rights and Underdevelopment
by Ms. Era Dabla-Norris & Mr. Scott Freeman
- 1999/126 Long-Term International Capital Movements and Technology: A Review
by Mr. Harm Zebregs
- 1999/125 Technology and Epidemics
by Mr. Alberto Chong & Ms. Luisa Zanforlin
- 1999/124 Three Million Foreigners, Three Million Unemployed? Immigration and the French Labor Market
by Dominique M. Gross
- 1999/123 Regional Income Redistribution and Risk Sharing: How Does Italy Compare in Europe?
by Mr. Jörg Decressin
- 1999/122 Inflation, Money Demand, and Purchasing Power Parity in South Africa
by Mr. Gunnar Jonsson
- 1999/121 Determinants of Argentina’s External Trade
by Ms. Elisabetta Falcetti & Mr. Luis Catão
- 1999/120 Measuring Misalignment: Purchasing Power Parity and East Asian Currencies in the 1990s
by Menzie David Chinn
- 1999/119 Modeling and Forecasting Inflation in India
by Mr. Tim Callen & Dongkoo Chang
- 1999/118 Inflation and Growth in Transition: Are the Asian Economies Different?
by Mr. Torsten M Sloek & Mr. Sanja Kalra
- 1999/117 Investment, Capital Accumulation, and Growth: Some Evidence from The Gambia 1964–98
by Mr. Christian H. Beddies
- 1999/116 The Relative Merits and Implications of Inflation Targeting for South Africa
by Mr. Gunnar Jonsson
- 1999/115 The External Wealth of Nations: Measures of Foreign Assets and Liabilities for Industrial and Developing Countries
by Mr. Gian M Milesi-Ferretti & Mr. Philip R. Lane
- 1999/114 Exchange Market Pressure and Monetary Policy: Asia and Latin America in the 1990s
by Mr. Evan C Tanner
- 1999/113 Bank Fragility and International Capital Mobility
by Ms. Enrica Detragiache
- 1999/112 Private Sector Consumption Behavior and Non-Keynesian Effects of Fiscal Policy
by Ms. Rina Bhattacharya
- 1999/111 Firm Investment and Balance-Sheet Problems in Japan
by Mr. Toshitaka Sekine
- 1999/110 Foreign Exchange Queues, Informal Traders, and a Zero Premium in the Black Market: A Cape Verdean Puzzle
by Mr. Jan-Peter Olters
- 1999/109 Deconstructing Job Creation
by Mr. Pietro Garibaldi & Mr. Paolo Mauro
- 1999/108 Bailout and Conglomeration
by Mr. Se-Jik Kim
- 1999/107 Analysis of the U.S. Business Cycle with a Vector-Markov-Switching Model
by Mr. Zenon Kontolemis
- 1999/106 Bank Bailouts: Moral Hazard vs. Value Effect
by Mr. Eduardo Levy Yeyati & Mr. Tito Cordella
- 1999/105 Measuring Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
by Mr. Enrique A Gelbard & Mr. Sérgio Pereira. Leite
- 1999/104 The IMF Approach to Economic Stabilization
by Mr. Miguel A Savastano & Mr. Michael Mussa
- 1999/103 Public Debt Management and Bailouts
by Mr. Torbjorn I. Becker
- 1999/102 Rachet Effects in Currency Substitution: An Application to the Kyrgyz Republic
by Mr. Joannes Mongardini & Mr. Johannes Mueller
- 1999/101 We Just Averaged over Two Trillion Cross-Country Growth Regressions
by Mr. Mark F. J. Steel & Mr. Eduardo Ley
- 1999/100 Global Moral Hazard, Capital Account Liberalization and the “Overlending Syndrome”
by Mr. Eduardo Levy Yeyati
- 1999/099 Adjustment Costs, Irreversibility and Investment Patterns in African Manufacturing
by Mr. Arne L Bigsten
- 1999/098 The Rise and Fall of the Pyramid Schemes in Albania
by Mr. Christopher J. Jarvis
- 1999/097 A Dynamic Model of Inflation for Kenya, 1974–1996
by Njuguna S. Ndung'u & Mr. Dick Durevall
- 1999/096 Measures of Potential Output: An Application to Israel
by Mr. Fabio Scacciavillani & Mr. Phillip L Swagel
- 1999/095 The Structural Budget Balance The IMF’s Methodology
by Mr. Robert P. Hagemann
- 1999/094 Managerial Entrenchment and the Choice of Debt Financing
by Mr. Amadou N Sy
- 1999/093 Coordinating Tariff Reduction and Domestic Tax Reform
by Mr. Michael Keen & Ms. Jenny E Ligthart
- 1999/092 Central Banking Without Central Bank Money
by Mr. Alain Ize & Mr. Arto Kovanen & Timo Henckel
- 1999/091 Institutionalized Corruption and the Kleptocratic State
by Christian Harm & Mr. Joshua Charap
- 1999/090 Determinants of Angola’s Parallel Market Real Exchange Rate
by Mr. Jun Nagayasu & Mr. Enrique A Gelbard
- 1999/089 Trade in Financial Services and Capital Movements
by Ms. Natalia T. Tamirisa
- 1999/088 External Vulnerability in Emerging Market Economies: How High Liquidity Can Offset Weak Fundamentals and the Effects of Contagion
by Mr. Christian B. Mulder & Mr. Matthieu Bussière
- 1999/087 Military Spending, the Peace Dividend, and Fiscal Adjustment
by Mr. Benedict J. Clements & Mr. Jerald A Schiff & Peter Debaere & Mr. Hamid R Davoodi
- 1999/086 Signaling Fiscal Regime Sustainability
by Mr. Alessandro Prati & Francesco Drudi
- 1999/085 Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth
by Mr. Carlos A Leite & Jens Weidmann
- 1999/084 Explaining International Comovements of Output and Asset Returns: The Role of Money and Nominal Rigidities
by Robert Miguel W. K. Kollman
- 1999/083 Real Wage Rigidities, Fiscal Policy, and the Stability of EMU in the Transition Phase
by Mr. Eric Thode & Norbert Berthold & Rainer Fehn
- 1999/082 Common Trends and Structural Change: A Dynamic Macro Model for the Pre- and Postrevolution Islamic Republic of Iran
by Mr. Torbjorn I. Becker
- 1999/081 Co-Movements in Long-Term Interest Rates and the Role of PPP-Based Exchange Rate Expectations
by Klaas Knot & Jan Marc Berk
- 1999/080 How Persistent Are Shocks to World Commodity Prices?
by Ms. Hong Liang & Mr. C. John McDermott & Mr. Paul Cashin
- 1999/079 Do Hong Kong SAR and China Constitute An Optimal Currency Area? An Empirical Test of the Generalized Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis
by Ms. Hong Liang
- 1999/078 Price Imputation and Other Techniques for Dealing with Missing Observations, Seasonality and Quality Change in Price Indices
by Mr. Paul A Armknecht Jr. & Fenella Maitland-Smith
- 1999/077 Sources of Economic Growth: An Extensive Growth Accounting Exercise
by Mr. Abdelhak S Senhadji
- 1999/076 Price Liberalization, Money Growth, and Inflation During the Transition to a Market Economy
by Mr. Ernesto Hernández-Catá
- 1999/075 Simple Monetary Policy Rules Under Model Uncertainty
by Ann-Charlotte Eliasson & Mr. Peter Isard & Mr. Douglas Laxton
- 1999/074 Estimating Trade Equations from Aggregate Bilateral Data
by Mr. Tamim Bayoumi
- 1999/073 The Evolution of Output in Transition Economies: Explaining the Differences
by Ms. Ratna Sahay & Mr. Jeromin Zettelmeyer & Mr. Eduardo Borensztein & Mr. Andrew Berg
- 1999/072 Sticky Prices: An Empirical Assessment of Alternative Models
by Mr. Esteban Jadresic
- 1999/071 Excess Volatility and the Asset-Pricing Exchange Rate Model with Unobservable Fundamentals
by Mr. Lorenzo Giorgianni & Mr. Leonardo Bartolini
- 1999/070 A Test of the General Validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem for Trade in the European Community
by Ms. Dalia S Hakura
- 1999/069 Economic and Legal Considerations of Optimal Privatization: Case Studies of Mortgage Firms (DePfa Group and Fannie Mae)
by Mr. John R. Garrett & Hans-Joachim Beyer & Ms. Claudia H Dziobek
- 1999/068 Privatization, Social Impact, and Social Safety Nets
by Mr. Sanjeev Gupta & Mr. Henry Ma & Mr. Christian Schiller
- 1999/067 Price and Monetary Dynamics Under Alternative Exchange Rate Regimes
by Mr. M. F. Bleaney
- 1999/066 Financial Fragility and Economic Performance in Developing Economies: Do Capital Controls, Prudential Regulation and Supervision Matter?
by Mr. Marco Rossi
- 1999/065 The Georgian Hyperinflation and Stabilization
by Mr. Jian-Ye Wang
- 1999/064 Survey of Literature on Demand for Money: Theoretical and Empirical Work with Special Reference to Error-Correction Models
by Mr. Subramanian S Sriram
- 1999/063 Spend Now, Pay Later? Tax Smoothing and Fiscal Sustainability in South Asia
by International Monetary Fund
- 1999/062 Macroeconomic Conditions and Import Surcharges in Selected Transition Economies
by Ms. Piritta Sorsa
- 1999/061 Inflation Targeting and Output Stability
by Mr. Esteban Jadresic
- 1999/060 Inequality and Optimal Redistributive Tax and Transfer Policies
by Mr. Howell H Zee
- 1999/059 Fixed Capital Adjustment: Is Latin America Different? Evidence from the Colombian and Mexican Manufacturing Sectors
by Mr. Gaston Gelos & Mr. Alberto Isgut
- 1999/058 The Role of Inter- and Intraindustry Trade in Technology Diffusion
by Ms. Dalia S Hakura & Ms. Florence Jaumotte
- 1999/057 Copper and the Chilean Economy, 1960–98
by Mr. Antonio Spilimbergo
- 1999/056 International Trade and the Business Cycle
by Mr. Eswar S Prasad
- 1999/055 Government Employment and Wages and Labor Market Performance
by Mr. Zenon Kontolemis & Mr. Dimitri G Demekas
- 1999/054 Deposit Insurance: A Survey of Actual and Best Practices
by Ms. G. G. Garcia
- 1999/053 Can Currency Demand Be Stable Under a Financial Crisis? the Case of Mexico
by Ms. May Y Khamis & Mr. Alfredo Mario Leone
- 1999/052 A Review of Capital Account Restrictions in Chile in the 1990s
by Mr. Francisco d Nadal De Simone & Ms. Piritta Sorsa
- 1999/051 Adjustment and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
by Mr. Dhaneshwar Ghura & Mr. Anupam Basu & Mr. Anthony E Calamitsis
- 1999/050 Long-Run Exchange Rate Dynamics: A Panel Data Study
by Mr. Karl F Habermeier & Mr. Mario M Mesquita
- 1999/049 Algeria: The Real Exchange Rate, Export Diversification, and Trade Protection
by Ms. Piritta Sorsa
- 1999/048 The Egyptian Stock Market: Efficiency Tests and Volatility Effects
by Mr. Mauro Mecagni & Maged Sawky Sourial
- 1999/047 Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Dynamic Oligopoly: An Empirical Investigation
by Dominique M. Gross & Mr. Nicolas Schmitt
- 1999/046 Political Instability and Economic Vulnerability
by Mr. Christian B. Mulder & Mr. Matthieu Bussière
- 1999/045 Japan's Stagnant Nineties: A Vector Autoregression Retrospective
by Christel Rendu & Mr. Ramana Ramaswamy
- 1999/044 Nonrenewable Resources: A Case for Persistent Fiscal Surpluses
by Mr. Max Alier & Mr. Martin D Kaufman
- 1999/043 Unemployment, Capital-Labor Substitution, and Economic Growth
by Mr. Bob Rowthorn
- 1999/042 Does Monetary Policy Stabilize the Exchange Rate Following a Currency Crisis?
by Mr. Ilan Goldfajn & Mrs. Poonam Gupta
- 1999/041 Is Poland Ready for Inflation Targeting?
by Mr. Peter F. Christoffersen & Mr. Robert F. Westcott
- 1999/040 Real Exchange Rate Behavior and Economic Growth: Evidence from Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia
by Mr. Ghiath Shabsigh & Ilker Domaç
- 1999/039 A Model of the Lender of Last Resort
by Mr. Haizhou Huang & Mr. C. A. E. Goodhart
- 1999/038 East Asia in the Aftermath: Was there a Crunch?
by Mr. Atish R. Ghosh & Swart R. Ghosh
- 1999/037 The Long-Run Relationship Between Real Exchange Rates and Real Interest Rate Differentials: A Panel Study
by Mr. Jun Nagayasu & Mr. Ronald MacDonald
- 1999/036 Explaining the Behavior of Financial Intermediation: Evidence from Transition Economies
by Mr. Philipp C Rother
- 1999/035 Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries: Some Stylized Facts
by Mr. C. John McDermott & Mr. Eswar S Prasad & Pierre-Richard Agénor
- 1999/034 Institutions, innovations, and Growth
by Chenggang Xu & Mr. Haizhou Huang
- 1999/033 Determinants of Ex-Ante Banking System Distress: A Macro-Micro Empirical Exploration of Some Recent Episodes
by Ms. Brenda Gonzalez-Hermosillo
- 1999/032 How Intensive Is Competition in the Emerging Markets? An Analysis of Corporate Rates of Return from Nine Emerging Markets
by Ajit Singh & Mr. Rudolph Matthias & Mr. Jack D. Glen
- 1999/031 Exchange Rate Movements and Tradable Goods Prices in East Asia: An Analysis Based on Japanese Customs Data, 1988-98
by Yushi Yoshida & Shinji Takagi
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