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Perpetration and Victimization in Offline and Cyber Contexts: A Variable- and Person-Oriented Examination of Associations and Differences Regarding Domain-Specific Self-Esteem and School Adjustment

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  • Christoph Burger

    (Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
    Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
    Department Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, A-3500 Krems, Austria)

  • Lea Bachmann

    (Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, A-1010 Vienna, Austria)

Abstract

Self-esteem has been identified as a predictor of bullying perpetration and victimization, which, in turn, may lead to school adjustment problems. However, findings regarding the direction and strength of these associations have been inconclusive. This study aimed to resolve this by differentiating between offline and cyber contexts and various self-esteem domains. An online sample of 459 adolescents retrospectively completed measures of self-esteem domains and offline/cyber perpetration and victimization, and a subsample of 194 adolescents also completed measures of loneliness and school adjustment. A mediation analysis of bullying-related variables on the effect of self-esteem domains on school adjustment indicated that offline victimization was the only significant mediator. Positive indirect effects were found for social and emotional self-esteem, and negative indirect effects were found for school performance-related self-esteem. Furthermore, person-oriented analyses examined differences in bullying-related roles regarding self-esteem domains, loneliness, and school adjustment. Victim groups showed lower self-esteem in many domains, but cyber victims showed higher body-related self-esteem. Bullies showed lower school performance-related but higher social self-esteem. Both bullies and victims showed lower school adjustment and more loneliness. Implications for theory and practice are discussed, as the findings are relevant for teachers and could be used to develop and deploy more effective anti-bullying programs.

Suggested Citation

  • Christoph Burger & Lea Bachmann, 2021. "Perpetration and Victimization in Offline and Cyber Contexts: A Variable- and Person-Oriented Examination of Associations and Differences Regarding Domain-Specific Self-Esteem and School Adjustment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-21, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:19:p:10429-:d:649582
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Antonio Tintori & Giulia Ciancimino & Giorgio Giovanelli & Loredana Cerbara, 2021. "Bullying and Cyberbullying among Italian Adolescents: The Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Violent Behaviours," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-11, February.
    2. Estefanía Estévez & Jesús F. Estévez & Lucía Segura & Cristian Suárez, 2019. "The Influence of Bullying and Cyberbullying in the Psychological Adjustment of Victims and Aggressors in Adolescence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Natacha Borgers & Dirk Sikkel & Joop Hox, 2004. "Response Effects in Surveys on Children and Adolescents: The Effect of Number of Response Options, Negative Wording, and Neutral Mid-Point," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 17-33, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Poh Chua Siah & Xiang Yi Tee & Joanna Tjin Ai Tan & Chee Seng Tan & Komathi Lokithasan & Sew Kim Low & Chin Choo Yap, 2022. "Cybervictimization and Depression among Adolescents: Coping Strategies as Mediators," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-16, March.
    2. Marta Malinowska-Cieślik & Anna Dzielska & Anna Oblacińska, 2022. "Psychosocial Determinants of Adolescents’ Cyberbullying Involvement—The Role of Body Satisfaction," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, January.
    3. Hina Malik & Sumera Batool & Saima Iqbal, 2022. "Cyber Victimization among Pakistani Youth: Role of Media, Family and Peer," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 8(4), pages 391-401, December.
    4. Christoph Burger, 2022. "Humor Styles, Bullying Victimization and Psychological School Adjustment: Mediation, Moderation and Person-Oriented Analyses," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-24, September.
    5. Almudena Castellanos & Beatriz Ortega-Ruipérez & David Aparisi, 2021. "Teachers’ Perspectives on Cyberbullying: A Cross-Cultural Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-12, December.
    6. Ildefonso Álvarez-Marín & Alicia Pérez-Albéniz & Beatriz Lucas-Molina & Vanesa Martínez-Valderrey & Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero, 2022. "Assessing Cyberbullying in Adolescence: New Evidence for the Spanish Version of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-14, October.

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