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Artificial Neural Network Based Reinforcement Learning for Wind Turbine Yaw Control

Author

Listed:
  • Aitor Saenz-Aguirre

    (Automatic Control and System Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano, 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain)

  • Ekaitz Zulueta

    (Automatic Control and System Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano, 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain)

  • Unai Fernandez-Gamiz

    (Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano, 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain)

  • Javier Lozano

    (Faculty of Engineering, Mondragon University, Goiru, 2, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain)

  • Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede

    (Automatic Control and System Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano, 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain)

Abstract

This paper introduces a novel data driven yaw control algorithm synthesis method based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) for a variable pitch variable speed wind turbine. Yaw control has not been extendedly studied in the literature; in fact, most of the currently considered developments in the scope of the wind energy are oriented to the pitch and speed control. The most important drawbacks of the yaw control are the very large time constants and the strict yaw angle change rate constraints due to the high mechanical loads when the wind turbine angle is changed in order to adequate it to the wind speed orientation. An optimal yaw control algorithm needs to be designed in order to adapt the rotor orientation depending on the wind turbine dynamics and the local wind speed regime. Consequently, the biggest challenge of the yaw control algorithm is to decide the moment and the quantity of the wind turbine orientation variation to achieve the highest quantity of power at each instant, taking into account the constraints derived from the mechanical limitations of the yawing system and the mechanical loads. In this paper, a novel based algorithm based on the RL Q-Learning algorithm is introduced. The first step is to obtain a model of the power generated by the wind turbine (a real onshore wind turbine in this paper) through a power curve, that in conjunction with a conventional proportional regulator will be used to obtain a dataset that explains the actual behaviour of the real wind turbine when a variety of different yaw control commands are imposed. That knowledge is then used to learn the best control action for each different state of the wind turbine with respect to the wind direction represented by the yaw angle, storing that knowledge in a matrix Q ( s , a ). The last step is to model that matrix through a MultiLayer Perceptron with BackPropagation (MLP-BP) Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to avoid large matrix management and quantification problems. Once that the optimal yaw controller has been synthetized, its performance has been assessed using a number of wind speed realizations obtained using the software application TurbSim, in order to analyze how the introduced novel algorithm deals with different wind speed scenarios.

Suggested Citation

  • Aitor Saenz-Aguirre & Ekaitz Zulueta & Unai Fernandez-Gamiz & Javier Lozano & Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede, 2019. "Artificial Neural Network Based Reinforcement Learning for Wind Turbine Yaw Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-17, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:3:p:436-:d:201953
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Asier González-González & Ismael Etxeberria-Agiriano & Ekaitz Zulueta & Fernando Oterino-Echavarri & Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede, 2014. "Pitch Based Wind Turbine Intelligent Speed Setpoint Adjustment Algorithms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(6), pages 1-17, June.
    2. Unai Fernandez-Gamiz & Ekaitz Zulueta & Ana Boyano & Igor Ansoategui & Irantzu Uriarte, 2017. "Five Megawatt Wind Turbine Power Output Improvements by Passive Flow Control Devices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Song, Dongran & Fan, Xinyu & Yang, Jian & Liu, Anfeng & Chen, Sifan & Joo, Young Hoon, 2018. "Power extraction efficiency optimization of horizontal-axis wind turbines through optimizing control parameters of yaw control systems using an intelligent method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 267-279.
    4. Davide Astolfi & Francesco Castellani & Ludovico Terzi, 2018. "Wind Turbine Power Curve Upgrades," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-17, May.
    5. Wim Munters & Johan Meyers, 2018. "Dynamic Strategies for Yaw and Induction Control of Wind Farms Based on Large-Eddy Simulation and Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-32, January.
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    Cited by:

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    6. Han Peng & Songyin Li & Linjian Shangguan & Yisa Fan & Hai Zhang, 2023. "Analysis of Wind Turbine Equipment Failure and Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-35, May.
    7. Moreira, Túlio Marcondes & de Faria, Jackson Geraldo & Vaz-de-Melo, Pedro O.S. & Medeiros-Ribeiro, Gilberto, 2023. "Development and validation of an AI-Driven model for the La Rance tidal barrage: A generalisable case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    8. Padullaparthi, Venkata Ramakrishna & Nagarathinam, Srinarayana & Vasan, Arunchandar & Menon, Vishnu & Sudarsanam, Depak, 2022. "FALCON- FArm Level CONtrol for wind turbines using multi-agent deep reinforcement learning," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 445-456.
    9. Wenting Chen & Hang Liu & Yonggang Lin & Wei Li & Yong Sun & Di Zhang, 2020. "LSTM-NN Yaw Control of Wind Turbines Based on Upstream Wind Information," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-23, March.
    10. Amira Elkodama & Amr Ismaiel & A. Abdellatif & S. Shaaban & Shigeo Yoshida & Mostafa A. Rushdi, 2023. "Control Methods for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT): State-of-the-Art Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-32, September.
    11. Dai, Juchuan & He, Tao & Li, Mimi & Long, Xin, 2021. "Performance study of multi-source driving yaw system for aiding yaw control of wind turbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 154-171.
    12. Xiaodong Wang & Zhaoliang Ye & Shun Kang & Hui Hu, 2019. "Investigations on the Unsteady Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine during Dynamic Yaw Processes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-23, August.
    13. Davide Astolfi & Francesco Castellani, 2019. "Wind Turbine Power Curve Upgrades: Part II," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-20, April.
    14. Manu Centeno-Telleria & Ekaitz Zulueta & Unai Fernandez-Gamiz & Daniel Teso-Fz-Betoño & Adrián Teso-Fz-Betoño, 2021. "Differential Evolution Optimal Parameters Tuning with Artificial Neural Network," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-20, February.
    15. Perera, A.T.D. & Kamalaruban, Parameswaran, 2021. "Applications of reinforcement learning in energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    16. Subbulakshmi, A. & Verma, Mohit & Keerthana, M. & Sasmal, Saptarshi & Harikrishna, P. & Kapuria, Santosh, 2022. "Recent advances in experimental and numerical methods for dynamic analysis of floating offshore wind turbines — An integrated review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    17. Dimitrios Vamvakas & Panagiotis Michailidis & Christos Korkas & Elias Kosmatopoulos, 2023. "Review and Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning Frameworks on Smart Grid Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-38, July.
    18. Jesús Enrique Sierra-García & Matilde Santos, 2021. "Lookup Table and Neural Network Hybrid Strategy for Wind Turbine Pitch Control," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-17, March.

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