IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v60y2016icp330-355.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Models for thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena in low enthalpy geothermal energy systems: A review

Author

Listed:
  • Carotenuto, Alberto
  • Ciccolella, Michela
  • Massarotti, Nicola
  • Mauro, Alessandro

Abstract

The need to address the global challenge of using clean energy, mitigating climatic changes and favoring sustainable development, has promoted the diffusion of new technologies for the use of renewable energy resources. Geothermal technologies can generate electricity and/or heating and cooling while producing very low levels Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and therefore play an important role in realizing these targets. In particular, low temperature applications have known a great development over the last years, thanks to the larger availability, compared to high temperature traditional ones, and to the increasing cooling demand that is also related to the global warming. A sustainable and profitable use of low enthalpy geothermal resources is strictly related to a correct analysis of ground thermal response to energy extraction/injection: in fact, sizing methodologies and optimization strategies are based on a balance of plant׳s energy demand and predictions of ground thermal variations due to these energy requirements. Therefore, an accurate mathematical modeling of thermo-dynamic behavior of the ground is fundamental for optimal design of geothermal plants for two reasons: it is the basis for the estimation of ground thermo-physical properties from the analysis of the Thermal Response Test, and it is essential in order to predict hour by hour (or short term) responses of the ground to continuously changing energy loads and therefore to estimate system energy consumption. Besides, there is a great interest in modeling thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena which occur in geothermal wells and geothermal heat exchangers as these can significantly affect the performance of the whole system.

Suggested Citation

  • Carotenuto, Alberto & Ciccolella, Michela & Massarotti, Nicola & Mauro, Alessandro, 2016. "Models for thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena in low enthalpy geothermal energy systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 330-355.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:60:y:2016:i:c:p:330-355
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.096
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211600126X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.096?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hesaraki, Arefeh & Holmberg, Sture & Haghighat, Fariborz, 2015. "Seasonal thermal energy storage with heat pumps and low temperatures in building projects—A comparative review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1199-1213.
    2. Mustafa Omer, Abdeen, 2008. "Ground-source heat pumps systems and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 344-371, February.
    3. Pasquier, Philippe & Marcotte, Denis, 2012. "Short-term simulation of ground heat exchanger with an improved TRCM," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 92-99.
    4. Choi, Jung Chan & Park, Joonsang & Lee, Seung Rae, 2013. "Numerical evaluation of the effects of groundwater flow on borehole heat exchanger arrays," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 230-240.
    5. Camdali, Unal & Bulut, Murat & Sozbir, Nedim, 2015. "Numerical modeling of a ground source heat pump: The Bolu case," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 352-361.
    6. Li, Min & Li, Ping & Chan, Vincent & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2014. "Full-scale temperature response function (G-function) for heat transfer by borehole ground heat exchangers (GHEs) from sub-hour to decades," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 197-205.
    7. Safa, Amir A. & Fung, Alan S. & Kumar, Rakesh, 2015. "Heating and cooling performance characterisation of ground source heat pump system by testing and TRNSYS simulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 565-575.
    8. Zarrella, Angelo & Scarpa, Massimiliano & De Carli, Michele, 2011. "Short time step analysis of vertical ground-coupled heat exchangers: The approach of CaRM," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 2357-2367.
    9. Atam, Ercan & Helsen, Lieve, 2016. "Ground-coupled heat pumps: Part 2—Literature review and research challenges in optimal design," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1668-1684.
    10. Du, Ciyuan & Chen, Youming, 2011. "An average fluid temperature to estimate borehole thermal resistance of ground heat exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(6), pages 1880-1885.
    11. Lee, C.K., 2011. "Effects of multiple ground layers on thermal response test analysis and ground-source heat pump simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 4405-4410.
    12. Yang, H. & Cui, P. & Fang, Z., 2010. "Vertical-borehole ground-coupled heat pumps: A review of models and systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 16-27, January.
    13. Fridleifsson, Ingvar B., 2001. "Geothermal energy for the benefit of the people," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 299-312, September.
    14. Florides, Georgios & Kalogirou, Soteris, 2007. "Ground heat exchangers—A review of systems, models and applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(15), pages 2461-2478.
    15. Blum, Philipp & Campillo, Gisela & Kölbel, Thomas, 2011. "Techno-economic and spatial analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Germany," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3002-3011.
    16. Atam, Ercan & Helsen, Lieve, 2016. "Ground-coupled heat pumps: Part 1 – Literature review and research challenges in modeling and optimal control," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1653-1667.
    17. Lazzari, Stefano & Priarone, Antonella & Zanchini, Enzo, 2010. "Long-term performance of BHE (borehole heat exchanger) fields with negligible groundwater movement," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4966-4974.
    18. Esen, Hikmet & Inalli, Mustafa & Esen, Yuksel, 2009. "Temperature distributions in boreholes of a vertical ground-coupled heat pump system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(12), pages 2672-2679.
    19. Retkowski, Waldemar & Thöming, Jorg, 2014. "Thermoeconomic optimization of vertical ground-source heat pump systems through nonlinear integer programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 492-503.
    20. Zhang, Wenke & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin & Fang, Zhaohong, 2013. "The analysis on solid cylindrical heat source model of foundation pile ground heat exchangers with groundwater flow," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 417-425.
    21. Bandos, Tatyana V. & Campos-Celador, Álvaro & López-González, Luis M. & Sala-Lizarraga, José M., 2014. "Finite cylinder-source model for energy pile heat exchangers: Effects of thermal storage and vertical temperature variations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 639-648.
    22. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2012. "Heat-source solutions to heat conduction in anisotropic media with application to pile and borehole ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 451-458.
    23. Lee, C.K. & Lam, H.N., 2012. "A modified multi-ground-layer model for borehole ground heat exchangers with an inhomogeneous groundwater flow," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 378-387.
    24. Jun, Liu & Xu, Zhang & Jun, Gao & Jie, Yang, 2009. "Evaluation of heat exchange rate of GHE in geothermal heat pump systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(12), pages 2898-2904.
    25. Beier, Richard A. & Acuña, José & Mogensen, Palne & Palm, Björn, 2013. "Borehole resistance and vertical temperature profiles in coaxial borehole heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 665-675.
    26. Yuan, Yanping & Cao, Xiaoling & Sun, Liangliang & Lei, Bo & Yu, Nanyang, 2012. "Ground source heat pump system: A review of simulation in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(9), pages 6814-6822.
    27. Sivasakthivel, T. & Murugesan, K. & Sahoo, P.K., 2014. "Optimization of ground heat exchanger parameters of ground source heat pump system for space heating applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 573-586.
    28. Kaya, Eylem & Zarrouk, Sadiq J. & O'Sullivan, Michael J., 2011. "Reinjection in geothermal fields: A review of worldwide experience," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 47-68, January.
    29. Koohi-Fayegh, Seama & Rosen, Marc A., 2012. "Examination of thermal interaction of multiple vertical ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 962-969.
    30. Ruiz-Calvo, F. & De Rosa, M. & Acuña, J. & Corberán, J.M. & Montagud, C., 2015. "Experimental validation of a short-term Borehole-to-Ground (B2G) dynamic model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 210-223.
    31. Cui, Ping & Li, Xin & Man, Yi & Fang, Zhaohong, 2011. "Heat transfer analysis of pile geothermal heat exchangers with spiral coils," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(11), pages 4113-4119.
    32. Franco, Alessandro & Vaccaro, Maurizio, 2014. "Numerical simulation of geothermal reservoirs for the sustainable design of energy plants: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 987-1002.
    33. Chong, Chiew Shan Anthony & Gan, Guohui & Verhoef, Anne & Garcia, Raquel Gonzalez & Vidale, Pier Luigi, 2013. "Simulation of thermal performance of horizontal slinky-loop heat exchangers for ground source heat pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 603-610.
    34. Carlino, S. & Somma, R. & Troiano, A. & Di Giuseppe, M.G. & Troise, C. & De Natale, G., 2014. "The geothermal system of Ischia Island (southern Italy): Critical review and sustainability analysis of geothermal resource for electricity generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 177-196.
    35. Liu, Zhijian & Xu, Wei & Qian, Cheng & Chen, Xi & Jin, Guangya, 2015. "Investigation on the feasibility and performance of ground source heat pump (GSHP) in three cities in cold climate zone, China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 89-96.
    36. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2015. "Review of analytical models for heat transfer by vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs): A perspective of time and space scales," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 178-191.
    37. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2012. "New temperature response functions (G functions) for pile and borehole ground heat exchangers based on composite-medium line-source theory," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 255-263.
    38. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2013. "Analytical model for short-time responses of ground heat exchangers with U-shaped tubes: Model development and validation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 510-516.
    39. Barbier, Enrico, 2002. "Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 6(1-2), pages 3-65.
    40. Montagud, Carla & Corberán, José Miguel & Ruiz-Calvo, Félix, 2013. "Experimental and modeling analysis of a ground source heat pump system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 328-336.
    41. Kalogirou, Soteris A., 2000. "Applications of artificial neural-networks for energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 67(1-2), pages 17-35, September.
    42. Marcotte, D. & Pasquier, P. & Sheriff, F. & Bernier, M., 2010. "The importance of axial effects for borehole design of geothermal heat-pump systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 763-770.
    43. Zarrella, Angelo & De Carli, Michele, 2013. "Heat transfer analysis of short helical borehole heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 1477-1491.
    44. Fan, Rui & Jiang, Yiqiang & Yao, Yang & Shiming, Deng & Ma, Zuiliang, 2007. "A study on the performance of a geothermal heat exchanger under coupled heat conduction and groundwater advection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(11), pages 2199-2209.
    45. Kim, Jongchan & Lee, Youngmin & Yoon, Woon Sang & Jeon, Jae Soo & Koo, Min-Ho & Keehm, Youngseuk, 2010. "Numerical modeling of aquifer thermal energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4955-4965.
    46. Capozza, Antonio & De Carli, Michele & Zarrella, Angelo, 2013. "Investigations on the influence of aquifers on the ground temperature in ground-source heat pump operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 350-363.
    47. De Carli, Michele & Tonon, Massimo & Zarrella, Angelo & Zecchin, Roberto, 2010. "A computational capacity resistance model (CaRM) for vertical ground-coupled heat exchangers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 1537-1550.
    48. Maestre, Ismael Rodríguez & Gallero, Francisco Javier González & Gómez, Pascual Álvarez & Pérez-Lombard, Luis, 2015. "A new RC and g-function hybrid model to simulate vertical ground heat exchangers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 631-642.
    49. Lamarche, Louis, 2009. "A fast algorithm for the hourly simulations of ground-source heat pumps using arbitrary response factors," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(10), pages 2252-2258.
    50. Florides, Georgios A. & Christodoulides, Paul & Pouloupatis, Panayiotis, 2013. "Single and double U-tube ground heat exchangers in multiple-layer substrates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 364-373.
    51. Park, Sangwoo & Lee, Dongseop & Choi, Hyun-Jun & Jung, Kyoungsik & Choi, Hangseok, 2015. "Relative constructability and thermal performance of cast-in-place concrete energy pile: Coil-type GHEX (ground heat exchanger)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 56-66.
    52. Marcotte, D. & Pasquier, P., 2008. "On the estimation of thermal resistance in borehole thermal conductivity test," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(11), pages 2407-2415.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Claudia Naldi & Aminhossein Jahanbin & Enzo Zanchini, 2021. "A New Estimate of Sand and Grout Thermal Properties in the Sandbox Experiment for Accurate Validations of Borehole Simulation Codes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-25, February.
    2. Kordas, Olga & Nikiforovich, Eugene, 2019. "A phenomenological theory of steady-state vertical geothermal systems: A novel approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 23-35.
    3. Abbas, Zulkarnain & Yong, Li & Abbas, Saqlain & Chen, Dongwen & Li, Y. & Wang, R.Z., 2021. "Performance analysis of seasonal soil heat storage system based on numerical simulation and experimental investigation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 66-78.
    4. Luka Boban & Dino Miše & Stjepan Herceg & Vladimir Soldo, 2021. "Application and Design Aspects of Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-31, April.
    5. Li, Wenxin & Li, Xiangdong & Wang, Yong & Du, Ruiqing & Tu, Jiyuan, 2019. "Effect of the heat load distribution on thermal performance predictions of ground heat exchangers in a stratified subsurface," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 340-348.
    6. Wang, Guiling & Liu, Guihong & Zhao, Zhihong & Liu, Yanguang & Pu, Hai, 2019. "A robust numerical method for modeling multiple wells in city-scale geothermal field based on simplified one-dimensional well model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 873-894.
    7. Song, Xianzhi & Shi, Yu & Li, Gensheng & Shen, Zhonghou & Hu, Xiaodong & Lyu, Zehao & Zheng, Rui & Wang, Gaosheng, 2018. "Numerical analysis of the heat production performance of a closed loop geothermal system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 365-378.
    8. Marina Iorio & Alberto Carotenuto & Alfonso Corniello & Simona Di Fraia & Nicola Massarotti & Alessandro Mauro & Renato Somma & Laura Vanoli, 2020. "Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems in Structural Controlled Areas: A Sustainability Analysis of Geothermal Resource for Heating Plant (The Mondragone Case in Southern Appennines, Italy)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-26, March.
    9. Ibrahim, Thamir K. & Mohammed, Mohammed Kamil & Awad, Omar I. & Abdalla, Ahmed N. & Basrawi, Firdaus & Mohammed, Marwah N. & Najafi, G. & Mamat, Rizalman, 2018. "A comprehensive review on the exergy analysis of combined cycle power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 835-850.
    10. Rashidi, Saman & Esfahani, Javad Abolfazli & Karimi, Nader, 2018. "Porous materials in building energy technologies—A review of the applications, modelling and experiments," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 229-247.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2015. "Review of analytical models for heat transfer by vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs): A perspective of time and space scales," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 178-191.
    2. Cui, Yuanlong & Zhu, Jie & Twaha, Ssennoga & Riffat, Saffa, 2018. "A comprehensive review on 2D and 3D models of vertical ground heat exchangers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 84-114.
    3. Nian, Yong-Le & Cheng, Wen-Long, 2018. "Insights into geothermal utilization of abandoned oil and gas wells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 44-60.
    4. Javadi, Hossein & Mousavi Ajarostaghi, Seyed Soheil & Rosen, Marc A. & Pourfallah, Mohsen, 2019. "Performance of ground heat exchangers: A comprehensive review of recent advances," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 207-233.
    5. Somogyi, Viola & Sebestyén, Viktor & Nagy, Georgina, 2017. "Scientific achievements and regulation of shallow geothermal systems in six European countries – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 934-952.
    6. Zhang, Donghai & Gao, Penghui & Zhou, Yang & Wang, Yijiang & Zhou, Guoqing, 2020. "An experimental and numerical investigation on temperature profile of underground soil in the process of heat storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 1-21.
    7. Zhou, Yang & Zheng, Zhi-xiang & Zhao, Guang-si, 2022. "Analytical models for heat transfer around a single ground heat exchanger in the presence of both horizontal and vertical groundwater flow considering a convective boundary condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    8. Paul Christodoulides & Ana Vieira & Stanislav Lenart & João Maranha & Gregor Vidmar & Rumen Popov & Aleksandar Georgiev & Lazaros Aresti & Georgios Florides, 2020. "Reviewing the Modeling Aspects and Practices of Shallow Geothermal Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-45, August.
    9. Rivera, Jaime A. & Blum, Philipp & Bayer, Peter, 2016. "A finite line source model with Cauchy-type top boundary conditions for simulating near surface effects on borehole heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 50-63.
    10. Karytsas, Spyridon & Choropanitis, Ioannis, 2017. "Barriers against and actions towards renewable energy technologies diffusion: A Principal Component Analysis for residential ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 252-271.
    11. Yong Li & Shibin Geng & Xu Han & Hua Zhang & Fusheng Peng, 2017. "Performance Evaluation of Borehole Heat Exchanger in Multilayered Subsurface," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(3), pages 1-16, March.
    12. Shibin Geng & Yong Li & Xu Han & Huiliang Lian & Hua Zhang, 2016. "Evaluation of Thermal Anomalies in Multi-Boreholes Field Considering the Effects of Groundwater Flow," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(6), pages 1-19, June.
    13. Zhang, Linfeng & Zhang, Quan & Huang, Gongsheng, 2016. "A transient quasi-3D entire time scale line source model for the fluid and ground temperature prediction of vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs)," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 65-75.
    14. Ruiz-Calvo, F. & De Rosa, M. & Acuña, J. & Corberán, J.M. & Montagud, C., 2015. "Experimental validation of a short-term Borehole-to-Ground (B2G) dynamic model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 210-223.
    15. Gultekin, Ahmet & Aydin, Murat & Sisman, Altug, 2019. "Effects of arrangement geometry and number of boreholes on thermal interaction coefficient of multi-borehole heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 163-170.
    16. Ma, WeiWu & Li, Min & Li, Ping & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2015. "New quasi-3D model for heat transfer in U-shaped GHEs (ground heat exchangers): Effective overall thermal resistance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 578-587.
    17. Zarrella, Angelo & Capozza, Antonio & De Carli, Michele, 2013. "Analysis of short helical and double U-tube borehole heat exchangers: A simulation-based comparison," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 358-370.
    18. Gang, Wenjie & Wang, Jinbo & Wang, Shengwei, 2014. "Performance analysis of hybrid ground source heat pump systems based on ANN predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 1138-1144.
    19. Maestre, Ismael Rodríguez & Gallero, Francisco Javier González & Gómez, Pascual Álvarez & Pérez-Lombard, Luis, 2015. "A new RC and g-function hybrid model to simulate vertical ground heat exchangers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 631-642.
    20. Claudia Naldi & Enzo Zanchini, 2019. "Full-Time-Scale Fluid-to-Ground Thermal Response of a Borefield with Uniform Fluid Temperature," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-18, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:60:y:2016:i:c:p:330-355. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.