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Reinjection in geothermal fields: A review of worldwide experience

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  • Kaya, Eylem
  • Zarrouk, Sadiq J.
  • O'Sullivan, Michael J.

Abstract

The worldwide experience of reinjection in geothermal fields is reviewed. Information from 91 electric-power producing geothermal fields shows that: a reinjection plan should be developed as early as possible in field development and it should be flexible as it is likely to change with time. The optimum reinjection strategy depends on the type of geothermal system. For vapour-dominated systems which can run out of water reinjection should be infield. While for hot water and liquid-dominated two-phase systems (low-enthalpy and medium-enthalpy) reinjection is likely to involve a mix of infield and outfield injection. In general infield reinjection provides pressure support and thus reduces drawdown and the potential for subsidence, whereas outfield reinjection reduces the risk of cold water returning to the production area. Deep reinjection reduces the risk of groundwater contamination and ground surface inflation. The proportion of infield to outfield reinjection and the location (deep or shallow) is case specific and typically the infield reinjection rate will vary with time as part of the steam field management strategy.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaya, Eylem & Zarrouk, Sadiq J. & O'Sullivan, Michael J., 2011. "Reinjection in geothermal fields: A review of worldwide experience," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 47-68, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:15:y:2011:i:1:p:47-68
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Melikoglu, Mehmet, 2017. "Geothermal energy in Turkey and around the World: A review of the literature and an analysis based on Turkey's Vision 2023 energy targets," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 485-492.
    2. Chen, Chaofan & Witte, Francesco & Tuschy, Ilja & Kolditz, Olaf & Shao, Haibing, 2022. "Parametric optimization and comparative study of an organic Rankine cycle power plant for two-phase geothermal sources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    3. Franco, Alessandro & Vaccaro, Maurizio, 2012. "An integrated “Reservoir-Plant” strategy for a sustainable and efficient use of geothermal resources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 299-310.
    4. Song, Xianzhi & Shi, Yu & Li, Gensheng & Yang, Ruiyue & Xu, Zhengming & Zheng, Rui & Wang, Gaosheng & Lyu, Zehao, 2017. "Heat extraction performance simulation for various configurations of a downhole heat exchanger geothermal system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1489-1503.
    5. Kubota, Hiromi & Hondo, Hiroki & Hienuki, Shunichi & Kaieda, Hideshi, 2013. "Determining barriers to developing geothermal power generation in Japan: Societal acceptance by stakeholders involved in hot springs," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 1079-1087.
    6. Jalilinasrabady, Saeid & Tanaka, Toshiaki & Itoi, Ryuichi & Goto, Hiroki, 2021. "Numerical simulation and production prediction assessment of Takigami geothermal reservoir," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    7. Huculak, Maciej & Jarczewski, Wojciech & Dej, Magdalena, 2015. "Economic aspects of the use of deep geothermal heat in district heating in Poland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 29-40.
    8. Mahmoodpour, Saeed & Singh, Mrityunjay & Turan, Aysegul & Bär, Kristian & Sass, Ingo, 2022. "Simulations and global sensitivity analysis of the thermo-hydraulic-mechanical processes in a fractured geothermal reservoir," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    9. Mohammadzadeh Bina, Saeid & Jalilinasrabady, Saeid & Fujii, Hikari & Pambudi, Nugroho Agung, 2018. "Classification of geothermal resources in Indonesia by applying exergy concept," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 499-506.
    10. Varney, Josephine & Zarrouk, Sadiq J. & Bean, Nigel & Bendall, Betina, 2017. "Performance measures in geothermal power developements," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 835-844.
    11. Franco, Alessandro & Vaccaro, Maurizio, 2014. "Numerical simulation of geothermal reservoirs for the sustainable design of energy plants: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 987-1002.
    12. Rivera Diaz, Alexandre & Kaya, Eylem & Zarrouk, Sadiq J., 2016. "Reinjection in geothermal fields − A worldwide review update," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 105-162.
    13. Song, Xianzhi & Shi, Yu & Li, Gensheng & Shen, Zhonghou & Hu, Xiaodong & Lyu, Zehao & Zheng, Rui & Wang, Gaosheng, 2018. "Numerical analysis of the heat production performance of a closed loop geothermal system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 365-378.
    14. Bayer, Peter & Rybach, Ladislaus & Blum, Philipp & Brauchler, Ralf, 2013. "Review on life cycle environmental effects of geothermal power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 446-463.
    15. Kaya, Eylem & Callos, Victor & Mannington, Warren, 2018. "CO2 –water mixture reinjection into two-phase liquid dominated geothermal reservoirs," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 652-667.
    16. Carotenuto, Alberto & Ciccolella, Michela & Massarotti, Nicola & Mauro, Alessandro, 2016. "Models for thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena in low enthalpy geothermal energy systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 330-355.
    17. Luo, W. & Kottsova, A. & Vardon, P.J. & Dieudonné, A.C. & Brehme, M., 2023. "Mechanisms causing injectivity decline and enhancement in geothermal projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    18. Ciriaco, Anthony E. & Zarrouk, Sadiq J. & Zakeri, Golbon, 2020. "Geothermal resource and reserve assessment methodology: Overview, analysis and future directions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    19. Colmenar-Santos, Antonio & Folch-Calvo, Martin & Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & Borge-Diez, David, 2016. "The geothermal potential in Spain," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 865-886.
    20. Jiang, Zhenjiao & Xu, Tianfu & Wang, Yong, 2019. "Enhancing heat production by managing heat and water flow in confined geothermal aquifers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 684-694.
    21. Tóth, György & Rman, Nina & Ágnes, Rotár-Szalkai & Kerékgyártó, Tamás & Szőcs, Teodóra & Lapanje, Andrej & Černák, Radovan & Remsík, Anton & Schubert, Gerhard & Nádor, Annamária, 2016. "Transboundary fresh and thermal groundwater flows in the west part of the Pannonian Basin," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 439-454.
    22. Paoletti, V. & Langella, G. & Di Napoli, R. & Amoresano, A. & Meo, S. & Pecoraino, G. & Aiuppa, A., 2015. "A tool for evaluating geothermal power exploitability and its application to Ischia, Southern Italy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 303-312.
    23. Chai, Rukuan & Liu, Yuetian & Xue, Liang & Rui, Zhenhua & Zhao, Ruicheng & Wang, Jingru, 2022. "Formation damage of sandstone geothermal reservoirs: During decreased salinity water injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    24. Ziabakhsh-Ganji, Zaman & Nick, Hamidreza M. & Donselaar, Marinus E. & Bruhn, David F., 2018. "Synergy potential for oil and geothermal energy exploitation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 1433-1447.

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