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Understanding the effects of the origin, occurrence, monitoring, control, fate and removal of siloxanes on the energetic valorization of sewage biogas—A review

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  • de Arespacochaga, N.
  • Valderrama, C.
  • Raich-Montiu, J.
  • Crest, M.
  • Mehta, S.
  • Cortina, J.L.

Abstract

This paper reviews the effects of the origin, occurrence, monitoring, control, fate and removal of siloxanes on the energetic valorization of sewage biogas, which can be severely compromised by its volatile organic silicon compound (VOSiC) content. Almost 25 years after identifying silicon dioxide in the exhaust gases from engines powered using sewage and landfill gas, a wide range of studies have been conducted addressing the different stages of the siloxane life cycle. The cycle starts with the production and use of polydimethylsiloxane polymers in a wide range of industrial and domestic applications and its further dispersal into environmental compartments. Siloxanes are subsequently introduced into wastewater treatment plants, where as a result of their low biodegradability and high affinity to dissolved and particulate matter, they are first transferred from wastewater into sludge and later volatilized in biogas in anaerobic digesters. Biogas treatment technologies can reduce siloxane concentrations to less than 0.1mg/m3; adsorbent materials with micro- and mesoporous structures appear to be the most relevant technology in technical and economic terms. The state-of-the-art on siloxanes is vast and extensive, but there are still some knowledge gaps to be addressed in the future, such as the standardization of the methodology for off-line analysis, the development of on-line monitoring equipment, better understanding the fates of siloxanes in wastewater treatment processes to operate at specific conditions to avoid siloxanes-related problems, the development of more selective and regenerative removal technologies from biogas to reduce operating costs and even to recover silicon, and better understand the detrimental effects on energy recovery technologies to determine the inlet concentration limits. This work compiles the most relevant results available in the literature for each stage of the siloxane life cycle.

Suggested Citation

  • de Arespacochaga, N. & Valderrama, C. & Raich-Montiu, J. & Crest, M. & Mehta, S. & Cortina, J.L., 2015. "Understanding the effects of the origin, occurrence, monitoring, control, fate and removal of siloxanes on the energetic valorization of sewage biogas—A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 366-381.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:52:y:2015:i:c:p:366-381
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.106
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    1. Kazimierz Gaj, 2020. "Adsorptive Biogas Purification from Siloxanes—A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-10, May.
    2. Hou, Xifeng & Zheng, Yanhui & Lv, Siqi & Ma, Zichuan & Ma, Xiaolong, 2022. "Effective removal of hexamethyldisiloxane using a citric acid modified three-dimensional graphene aerogel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 62-70.
    3. Lv, Siqi & Zhang, Rui & He, Yuanping & Ma, Zichuan & Ma, Xiaolong, 2024. "Efficient reactive adsorption of hexamethyldisiloxane on MCM-41 supported sulfuric acid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    4. González, Ruben & García-Cascallana, José & Gómez, Xiomar, 2023. "Energetic valorization of biogas. A comparison between centralized and decentralized approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    5. Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Tanveer, Waqas Hassan & Sayed, Enas Taha & Assad, M. El Haj & Allagui, Anis & Cha, S.W., 2019. "On the technical challenges affecting the performance of direct internal reforming biogas solid oxide fuel cells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 361-375.
    6. Calbry-Muzyka, Adelaide & Tarik, Mohamed & Gandiglio, Marta & Li, Jianrong & Foppiano, Debora & de Krom, Iris & Heikens, Dita & Ludwig, Christian & Biollaz, Serge, 2021. "Sampling, on-line and off-line measurement of organic silicon compounds at an industrial biogas-fed 175-kWe SOFC plant," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 61-71.
    7. Tsipis, E.V. & Agarkov, D.A. & Borisov, Yu.A. & Kiseleva, S.V. & Tarasenko, A.B. & Bredikhin, S.I. & Kharton, V.V., 2023. "Waste gas utilization potential for solid oxide fuel cells: A brief review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    8. Santos-Clotas, Eric & Cabrera-Codony, Alba & Martín, Maria J., 2020. "Coupling adsorption with biotechnologies for siloxane abatement from biogas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 314-323.
    9. Qiancheng Wang & Hsi-Hsien Wei & Qian Xu, 2018. "A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)-Based Biogas-from-Waste Generation System for Residential Buildings in China: A Feasibility Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-9, July.
    10. Eric Santos-Clotas & Alba Cabrera-Codony & Alba Castillo & Maria J. Martín & Manel Poch & Hèctor Monclús, 2019. "Environmental Decision Support System for Biogas Upgrading to Feasible Fuel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-14, April.
    11. Roberto Paglini & Marta Gandiglio & Andrea Lanzini, 2022. "Technologies for Deep Biogas Purification and Use in Zero-Emission Fuel Cells Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-30, May.
    12. Md Muzammel Hossain & Yuan Yuan & Hengliang Huang & Ziwei Wang & Mohammad Abdul Baki & Zhihua Dai & Muhammad Rizwan & Shuanglian Xiong & Menghua Cao & Shuxin Tu, 2021. "Exposure to Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) Affects the Antioxidant Response and Gene Expression of Procambarus clarkii," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-12, March.
    13. Pascual, Celia & Cantera, Sara & Muñoz, Raúl & Lebrero, Raquel, 2021. "Siloxanes removal in a two-phase partitioning biotrickling filter: Influence of the EBRT and the organic phase," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 52-60.
    14. Zheng, Yanhui & Hou, Xifeng & Liu, Yuheng & Ma, Zichuan, 2021. "Hexamethyldisiloxane removal from biogas using reduced graphene-oxide aerogels as adsorbents," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 153-161.
    15. Pardon Nyamukamba & Patrick Mukumba & Evernice Shelter Chikukwa & Golden Makaka, 2020. "Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    16. Eva M. Salgado & Ana L. Gonçalves & Francisco Sánchez-Soberón & Nuno Ratola & José C. M. Pires, 2022. "Microalgal Cultures for the Bioremediation of Urban Wastewaters in the Presence of Siloxanes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-27, February.

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