IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v259y2020ics0306261919318331.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Virtual-battery based droop control and energy storage system size optimization of a DC microgrid for electric vehicle fast charging station

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Shuoqi
  • Lu, Languang
  • Han, Xuebing
  • Ouyang, Minggao
  • Feng, Xuning

Abstract

DC microgrid is supposed to be a feasible solution to reduce the negative impact of electric vehicle (EV) fast charging on the electric grid and improve the penetration of photovoltaics (PV) generation. In this paper, an improved decentralized Virtual-battery based droop control with the capability of bus voltage maintenance, load power dispatch and SOC balance of the energy storage system (ESS) is proposed to ensure the autonomous and stable operation of the DC microgrid. The reference output voltage and virtual resistance in the droop control loop are altered dynamically based on the Virtual-battery model of the ESS. The coordinated control among the PV-ESS-Grid integrated system is realized through the primary Bus-Signaling control, where the reference voltages at which the control modes of the PV array and the grid are switched are designed based on the VirtualOCV of the ESS. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is validated in MATLAB/Simulink environment with an equivalent bus capacitance-based model where the EV charging profile is obtained from real-world charging data of a fast charging station. The merits of the control strategy including higher PV utilization, less frequent connection of the grid and more precise voltage tracking are highlighted in comparison with the conventional droop control strategy. Finally, the sizing of the ESSs is optimized based on the total cost of the DC microgrid, including the daily electricity cost purchased from the grid and the depreciation cost of the ESSs based on the expanded capacity degradation model of Li-ion batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Shuoqi & Lu, Languang & Han, Xuebing & Ouyang, Minggao & Feng, Xuning, 2020. "Virtual-battery based droop control and energy storage system size optimization of a DC microgrid for electric vehicle fast charging station," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:259:y:2020:i:c:s0306261919318331
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114146
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919318331
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114146?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Song, Ziyou & Li, Jianqiu & Han, Xuebing & Xu, Liangfei & Lu, Languang & Ouyang, Minggao & Hofmann, Heath, 2014. "Multi-objective optimization of a semi-active battery/supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 212-224.
    2. Belhachat, Faiza & Larbes, Cherif, 2018. "A review of global maximum power point tracking techniques of photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 513-553.
    3. García-Triviño, Pablo & Torreglosa, Juan P. & Fernández-Ramírez, Luis M. & Jurado, Francisco, 2016. "Control and operation of power sources in a medium-voltage direct-current microgrid for an electric vehicle fast charging station with a photovoltaic and a battery energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 38-48.
    4. Mwasilu, Francis & Justo, Jackson John & Kim, Eun-Kyung & Do, Ton Duc & Jung, Jin-Woo, 2014. "Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 501-516.
    5. Yong, Jia Ying & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Tan, Kang Miao & Mithulananthan, N., 2015. "A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 365-385.
    6. Adefarati, T. & Bansal, R.C., 2019. "Reliability, economic and environmental analysis of a microgrid system in the presence of renewable energy resources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 1089-1114.
    7. Wang, Qian & Jiang, Bin & Li, Bo & Yan, Yuying, 2016. "A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 106-128.
    8. Ashique, Ratil H. & Salam, Zainal & Bin Abdul Aziz, Mohd Junaidi & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017. "Integrated photovoltaic-grid dc fast charging system for electric vehicle: A review of the architecture and control," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1243-1257.
    9. Veneri, Ottorino & Capasso, Clemente & Iannuzzi, Diego, 2016. "Experimental evaluation of DC charging architecture for fully-electrified low-power two-wheeler," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1428-1438.
    10. Mi, Yang & Chen, Xin & Ji, Hongpeng & Ji, Liang & Fu, Yang & Wang, Chengshan & Wang, Jianhui, 2019. "The coordinated control strategy for isolated DC microgrid based on adaptive storage adjustment without communication," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    11. Shuai, Zhikang & Fang, Junbin & Ning, Fenggen & Shen, Z. John, 2018. "Hierarchical structure and bus voltage control of DC microgrid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3670-3682.
    12. Gitizadeh, Mohsen & Fakharzadegan, Hamid, 2014. "Battery capacity determination with respect to optimized energy dispatch schedule in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 665-674.
    13. Capasso, Clemente & Veneri, Ottorino, 2015. "Experimental study of a DC charging station for full electric and plug in hybrid vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 131-142.
    14. Fossati, Juan P. & Galarza, Ainhoa & Martín-Villate, Ander & Fontán, Luis, 2015. "A method for optimal sizing energy storage systems for microgrids," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 539-549.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Namala Narasimhulu & R. S. R. Krishnam Naidu & Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski & Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachari & Upendra Roy, 2022. "Energy Management for PV Powered Hybrid Storage System in Electric Vehicles Using Artificial Neural Network and Aquila Optimizer Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Wang, Shuoqi & Guo, Dongxu & Han, Xuebing & Lu, Languang & Sun, Kai & Li, Weihan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe & Ouyang, Minggao, 2020. "Impact of battery degradation models on energy management of a grid-connected DC microgrid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    3. Armghan, Hammad & Xu, Yinliang & Sun, Hongbin & Ali, Naghmash & Liu, Jiajin, 2024. "Event-triggered multi-time scale control and low carbon operation for electric-hydrogen DC microgrid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    4. Förster, Robert & Kaiser, Matthias & Wenninger, Simon, 2023. "Future vehicle energy supply - sustainable design and operation of hybrid hydrogen and electric microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    5. Sun, Chuyu & Zhao, Xiaoli & Qi, Binbin & Xiao, Weihao & Zhang, Hongjun, 2022. "Economic and environmental analysis of coupled PV-energy storage-charging station considering location and scale," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    6. Bouzid, Allal El Moubarek & Chaoui, Hicham & Zerrougui, Mohamed & Ben Elghali, Seifeddine & Benbouzid, Mohamed, 2021. "Robust control based on linear matrix inequalities criterion of single phase distributed electrical energy systems operating in islanded and grid-connected modes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    7. Jingang Han & Shiwei Lin & Boyu Pu, 2024. "Hierarchical Energy Management of DC Microgrid with Photovoltaic Power Generation and Energy Storage for 5G Base Station," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-19, March.
    8. Zhang, Yiying & Ma, Maode & Jin, Zhigang, 2020. "Comprehensive learning Jaya algorithm for parameter extraction of photovoltaic models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    9. Shubham Mishra & Shrey Verma & Subhankar Chowdhury & Ambar Gaur & Subhashree Mohapatra & Gaurav Dwivedi & Puneet Verma, 2021. "A Comprehensive Review on Developments in Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure and Present Scenario of India," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-20, February.
    10. Jiao, Feixiang & Zou, Yuan & Zhang, Xudong & Zhang, Bin, 2022. "Online optimal dispatch based on combined robust and stochastic model predictive control for a microgrid including EV charging station," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    11. Haupt, Leon & Schöpf, Michael & Wederhake, Lars & Weibelzahl, Martin, 2020. "The influence of electric vehicle charging strategies on the sizing of electrical energy storage systems in charging hub microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    12. Wei Zhang & Ming Zhong & Junfei Han & Yumei Sun & Yang Wang, 2022. "Research on the strategy of lithium-ion battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage to suppress power fluctuation of direct current microgrid [Load frequency control of a novel renewable energy in," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 17, pages 1012-1017.
    13. Tsianikas, Stamatis & Yousefi, Nooshin & Zhou, Jian & Rodgers, Mark D. & Coit, David, 2021. "A storage expansion planning framework using reinforcement learning and simulation-based optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    14. Yin, Linfei & Lu, Yuejiang, 2021. "Expandable deep width learning for voltage control of three-state energy model based smart grids containing flexible energy sources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    15. Nick Rigogiannis & Ioannis Bogatsis & Christos Pechlivanis & Anastasios Kyritsis & Nick Papanikolaou, 2023. "Moving towards Greener Road Transportation: A Review," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-25, June.
    16. Xu, Wenqiang & Wu, Xiaogang & Li, Yalun & Wang, Hewu & Lu, Languang & Ouyang, Minggao, 2023. "A comprehensive review of DC arc faults and their mechanisms, detection, early warning strategies, and protection in battery systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    17. Jayalakshmi N. Sabhahit & Sanjana Satish Solanke & Vinay Kumar Jadoun & Hasmat Malik & Fausto Pedro García Márquez & Jesús María Pinar-Pérez, 2022. "Contingency Analysis of a Grid Connected EV's for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid Using Efficient Control Scheme," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-24, April.
    18. Sijia Li & Arman Oshnoei & Frede Blaabjerg & Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, 2023. "Hierarchical Control for Microgrids: A Survey on Classical and Machine Learning-Based Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-22, June.
    19. Md. Shafiul Alam & Abdullah A. Almehizia & Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail & Md. Alamgir Hossain & Muhammad Azharul Islam & Md. Shafiullah & Aasim Ullah, 2022. "Frequency Stabilization of AC Microgrid Clusters: An Efficient Fractional Order Supercapacitor Controller Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-22, July.
    20. Nandini K. Krishnamurthy & Jayalakshmi N. Sabhahit & Vinay Kumar Jadoun & Dattatraya Narayan Gaonkar & Ashish Shrivastava & Vidya S. Rao & Ganesh Kudva, 2023. "Optimal Placement and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in a Grid-Tied DC Microgrid Using Modified TLBO Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-27, February.
    21. Ammar Armghan & Muhammad Kashif Azeem & Hammad Armghan & Ming Yang & Fayadh Alenezi & Mudasser Hassan, 2021. "Dynamical Operation Based Robust Nonlinear Control of DC Microgrid Considering Renewable Energy Integration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-23, July.
    22. Xie, Peng & Jia, Youwei & Lyu, Cheng & Wang, Han & Shi, Mengge & Chen, Hongkun, 2022. "Optimal sizing of renewables and battery systems for hybrid AC/DC microgrids based on variability management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    23. Matej Tkac & Martina Kajanova & Peter Bracinik, 2023. "A Review of Advanced Control Strategies of Microgrids with Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-25, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & Pesiridis, Apostolos & Rajoo, Srithar & Martinez-Botas, Ricardo & Esfahanian, Vahid, 2017. "A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 414-430.
    2. Wang, Shuoqi & Guo, Dongxu & Han, Xuebing & Lu, Languang & Sun, Kai & Li, Weihan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe & Ouyang, Minggao, 2020. "Impact of battery degradation models on energy management of a grid-connected DC microgrid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    3. Eltoumi, Fouad M. & Becherif, Mohamed & Djerdir, Abdesslem & Ramadan, Haitham.S., 2021. "The key issues of electric vehicle charging via hybrid power sources: Techno-economic viability, analysis, and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    4. Anamarija Falkoni & Antun Pfeifer & Goran Krajačić, 2020. "Vehicle-to-Grid in Standard and Fast Electric Vehicle Charging: Comparison of Renewable Energy Source Utilization and Charging Costs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-22, March.
    5. Gaizka Saldaña & Jose Ignacio San Martin & Inmaculada Zamora & Francisco Javier Asensio & Oier Oñederra, 2019. "Electric Vehicle into the Grid: Charging Methodologies Aimed at Providing Ancillary Services Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-37, June.
    6. Yu, Hang & Niu, Songyan & Shang, Yitong & Shao, Ziyun & Jia, Youwei & Jian, Linni, 2022. "Electric vehicles integration and vehicle-to-grid operation in active distribution grids: A comprehensive review on power architectures, grid connection standards and typical applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    7. Yang, Libing & Ribberink, Hajo, 2019. "Investigation of the potential to improve DC fast charging station economics by integrating photovoltaic power generation and/or local battery energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 246-259.
    8. Rubino, Luigi & Capasso, Clemente & Veneri, Ottorino, 2017. "Review on plug-in electric vehicle charging architectures integrated with distributed energy sources for sustainable mobility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 438-464.
    9. Varone, Alberto & Heilmann, Zeno & Porruvecchio, Guido & Romanino, Alessandro, 2024. "Solar parking lot management: An IoT platform for smart charging EV fleets, using real-time data and production forecasts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    10. Pearre, Nathaniel S. & Ribberink, Hajo, 2019. "Review of research on V2X technologies, strategies, and operations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 61-70.
    11. Rahman, Syed & Khan, Irfan Ahmed & Khan, Ashraf Ali & Mallik, Ayan & Nadeem, Muhammad Faisal, 2022. "Comprehensive review & impact analysis of integrating projected electric vehicle charging load to the existing low voltage distribution system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    12. Tarhan, Burak & Yetik, Ozge & Karakoc, Tahir Hikmet, 2021. "Hybrid battery management system design for electric aircraft," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    13. Das, H.S. & Rahman, M.M. & Li, S. & Tan, C.W., 2020. "Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    14. Haojie Wang & Minxiao Han & Wenli Yan & Guopeng Zhao & Josep M. Guerrero, 2016. "A Feed-Forward Control Realizing Fast Response for Three-Branch Interleaved DC-DC Converter in DC Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-12, July.
    15. Ashique, Ratil H. & Salam, Zainal & Bin Abdul Aziz, Mohd Junaidi & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017. "Integrated photovoltaic-grid dc fast charging system for electric vehicle: A review of the architecture and control," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1243-1257.
    16. Adil Amin & Wajahat Ullah Khan Tareen & Muhammad Usman & Haider Ali & Inam Bari & Ben Horan & Saad Mekhilef & Muhammad Asif & Saeed Ahmed & Anzar Mahmood, 2020. "A Review of Optimal Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles under Dynamic Pricing Schemes in the Distribution Charging Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-28, December.
    17. Lin, Xiang-Wei & Li, Yu-Bai & Wu, Wei-Tao & Zhou, Zhi-Fu & Chen, Bin, 2024. "Advances on two-phase heat transfer for lithium-ion battery thermal management," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    18. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S.H. & Hussain, A. & Mohamed, A., 2017. "A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 834-854.
    19. Muhammad Umair Ali & Amad Zafar & Sarvar Hussain Nengroo & Sadam Hussain & Muhammad Junaid Alvi & Hee-Je Kim, 2019. "Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-33, January.
    20. Mohammad Shadnam Zarbil & Abolfazl Vahedi & Hossein Azizi Moghaddam & Pavel Aleksandrovich Khlyupin, 2022. "Design and Sizing of Electric Bus Flash Charger Based on a Flywheel Energy Storage System: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-23, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:259:y:2020:i:c:s0306261919318331. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.