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Small-scale reforming of diesel and jet fuels to make hydrogen and syngas for fuel cells: A review

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  • Xu, Xinhai
  • Li, Peiwen
  • Shen, Yuesong

Abstract

This paper reviews the technological features and challenges of autothermal reforming (ATR) of heavy hydrocarbon fuels for producing hydrogen and syngas onboard to supply fuels to fuel cells for auxiliary power units. A brief introduction at the beginning enumerates the advantages of using heavy hydrocarbon fuels onboard to provide hydrogen or syngas for fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). A detailed review of the reforming and processing technologies of diesel and jet fuels is then presented. The advantages of ATR over steam reforming (SR) and partial oxidation reforming (POX) are summarized, and the ATR reaction is analyzed from a thermodynamic point of view. The causes and possible solutions to the major problems existing in ATR reactors, including hot spots, formation of coke, and inhomogeneous mixing of fuel, steam, and air, are reviewed and studied. Designs of ATR reactors are discussed, and three different reactors, one with a fixed bed, one with monoliths, and one with microchannels are investigated. Novel ideas for design and startup strategies for ATR reactors are proposed at the end of the review.

Suggested Citation

  • Xu, Xinhai & Li, Peiwen & Shen, Yuesong, 2013. "Small-scale reforming of diesel and jet fuels to make hydrogen and syngas for fuel cells: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 202-217.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:108:y:2013:i:c:p:202-217
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.028
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    Cited by:

    1. Nicolas Abatzoglou & Clémence Fauteux-Lefebvre, 2016. "Review of catalytic syngas production through steam or dry reforming and partial oxidation of studied liquid compounds," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 5(2), pages 169-187, March.
    2. Pregelj, Boštjan & Micor, Michał & Dolanc, Gregor & Petrovčič, Janko & Jovan, Vladimir, 2016. "Impact of fuel cell and battery size to overall system performance – A diesel fuel-cell APU case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 365-375.
    3. Samsun, Remzi Can & Prawitz, Matthias & Tschauder, Andreas & Meißner, Jan & Pasel, Joachim & Peters, Ralf, 2020. "Reforming of diesel and jet fuel for fuel cells on a systems level: Steady-state and transient operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    4. Samsun, Remzi Can & Pasel, Joachim & Janßen, Holger & Lehnert, Werner & Peters, Ralf & Stolten, Detlef, 2014. "Design and test of a 5kWe high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell system operated with diesel and kerosene," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 238-249.
    5. Jang, Won-Jun & Jeong, Dae-Woon & Shim, Jae-Oh & Kim, Hak-Min & Roh, Hyun-Seog & Son, In Hyuk & Lee, Seung Jae, 2016. "Combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane and side reactions: Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis and experimental application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 80-91.
    6. Pan, Zehua & Shen, Jian & Wang, Jingyi & Xu, Xinhai & Chan, Wei Ping & Liu, Siyu & Zhou, Yexin & Yan, Zilin & Jiao, Zhenjun & Lim, Teik-Thye & Zhong, Zheng, 2022. "Thermodynamic analyses of a standalone diesel-fueled distributed power generation system based on solid oxide fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    7. Walluk, Mark R. & Lin, Jiefeng & Waller, Michael G. & Smith, Daniel F. & Trabold, Thomas A., 2014. "Diesel auto-thermal reforming for solid oxide fuel cell systems: Anode off-gas recycle simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 94-102.
    8. Laura Tribioli & Raffaello Cozzolino & Daniele Chiappini, 2017. "Technical Assessment of Different Operating Conditions of an On-Board Autothermal Reformer for Fuel Cell Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, June.
    9. D.F. Chuahy, Flavio & Kokjohn, Sage L., 2017. "Effects of reformed fuel composition in “single” fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 1-11.
    10. Pasel, Joachim & Samsun, Remzi Can & Tschauder, Andreas & Peters, Ralf & Stolten, Detlef, 2015. "A novel reactor type for autothermal reforming of diesel fuel and kerosene," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 176-184.
    11. Samsun, Remzi Can & Prawitz, Matthias & Tschauder, Andreas & Pasel, Joachim & Pfeifer, Peter & Peters, Ralf & Stolten, Detlef, 2018. "An integrated diesel fuel processing system with thermal start-up for fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 145-159.
    12. Han, Gwangwoo & Lee, Sangho & Bae, Joongmyeon, 2015. "Diesel autothermal reforming with hydrogen peroxide for low-oxygen environments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 99-106.
    13. Xu, F.J. & Yuan, F.G. & Hu, J.Z. & Qiu, Y.P., 2014. "Miniature horizontal axis wind turbine system for multipurpose application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 216-224.
    14. Abdin, Zainul & Zafaranloo, Ali & Rafiee, Ahmad & Mérida, Walter & Lipiński, Wojciech & Khalilpour, Kaveh R., 2020. "Hydrogen as an energy vector," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    15. Wang, Tiejun & Yang, Yong & Ding, Mingyue & Liu, Qiying & Ma, Longlong, 2013. "Auto-thermal reforming of biomass raw fuel gas to syngas in a novel reformer: Promotion of hot-electron," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 448-453.
    16. Pasel, Joachim & Samsun, Remzi Can & Tschauder, Andreas & Peters, Ralf & Stolten, Detlef, 2017. "Advances in autothermal reformer design," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 88-98.
    17. Asadullah, Mohammad, 2014. "Biomass gasification gas cleaning for downstream applications: A comparative critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 118-132.
    18. Tribioli, Laura & Cozzolino, Raffaello & Chiappini, Daniele & Iora, Paolo, 2016. "Energy management of a plug-in fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle with on-board fuel processing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 140-154.

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