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PhD job market: professional trajectories and incentives during the PhD
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Cited by:
- Broström, Anders, 2019.
"Academic breeding grounds: Home department conditions and early career performance of academic researchers,"
Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(7), pages 1647-1665.
- Broström, Anders, 2018. "Academic breeding grounds: Home department conditions and early career performance of academic researchers," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 465, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
- Bastien Bernela, 2015. "Professional and geographical paths: the study of three generations of PhDs [Trajectoires professionnelles et géographiques : l'étude de trois générations de docteurs]," Working Papers halshs-01085008, HAL.
- Gustavo A. Crespi & Aldo Geuna & Lionel J. J. Nesta, 2006. "Labour Mobility of Academic Inventors. Career Decision and Knowledge Transfer," SPRU Working Paper Series 139, SPRU - Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School.
- Muhammad Ajmal Khan, 2023. "Dire or Dying Demand for the Government Job: Analysing A PhD Holder’s Future Prospects," PIDE-Working Papers 2023:3, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
- Negin Salimi & Jafar Rezaei, 2016. "Measuring efficiency of university-industry Ph.D. projects using best worst method," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 109(3), pages 1911-1938, December.
- Lawson, Cornelia & Geuna, Aldo & Ana Fernández-Zubieta & Toselli, Manuel & Kataishi, Rodrigo, 2015.
"International Careers of Researchers in Biomedical Sciences: A Comparison of the US and the UK,"
Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis. Working Papers
201514, University of Turin.
- Lawson, Cornelia & Geuna, Aldo & Ana Fernández-Zubieta & Toselli, Manuel & Kataishi, Rodrigo, 2015. "International Careers of Researchers in Biomedical Sciences: A Comparison of the US and the UK," Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis LEI & BRICK - Laboratory of Economics of Innovation "Franco Momigliano", Bureau of Research in Innovation, Complexity and Knowledge, Collegio 201504, University of Turin.
- Cornelia Lawson & Aldo Geuna & Rodrigo Kataishi & Manuel Toselli & Ana Fernández-Zubieta, 2015. "International Careers of Researchers in Biomedical Sciences: A Comparison of the US and the UK," SPRU Working Paper Series 2015-09, SPRU - Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School.
- Baruffaldi, Stefano H. & Di Maio, Giorgio & Landoni, Paolo, 2017. "Determinants of PhD holders’ use of social networking sites: An analysis based on LinkedIn," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(4), pages 740-750.
- Francisco Más-Verdú & Jose Polo Otero & José García Quevedo, 2010.
"Which firms want PhDs? The effect of the university-industry relationship on the PhD labour market,"
Working Papers
2010R02, Orkestra - Basque Institute of Competitiveness.
- José García-Quevedo & Francisco Mas-Verdú & Jose Polo-Otero, 2010. "Which firms want PhDS? The effect of the university-industry relationship on the PhD labour market," Working Papers 2010/13, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB).
- José García-Quevedo & Francisco Mas-Verdú & José Polo-Otero, 2010. "Which firms want PhDs? The effect of the university-industry relationship on the PhD labour market," Working Papers XREAP2010-02, Xarxa de Referència en Economia Aplicada (XREAP), revised Mar 2010.
- Geuna, Aldo & Kataishi, Rodrigo & Toselli, Manuel & Guzmán, Eduardo & Lawson, Cornelia & Fernandez-Zubieta, Ana & Barros, Beatriz, 2015.
"SiSOB data extraction and codification: A tool to analyze scientific careers,"
Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(9), pages 1645-1658.
- Geuna, Aldo & Kataishi, Rodrigo & Toselli, Manuel & Guzmán, Eduardo & Lawson, Cornelia & Fernandez-Zubieta, Ana & Barros, Beatriz, 2015. "SiSOB Data Extraction and Codification: A tool to analyse scientific careers," Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis. Working Papers 201506, University of Turin.
- Aldo Geuna & Rodrigo Kataishi & Manuel Toselli & Eduardo Guzmán & Cornelia Lawson & Ana Fernandez-Zubieta & Beatriz Barros, 2015. "SiSOB Data Extraction and Codification: A Tool to Analyse Scientific Careers," SPRU Working Paper Series 2015-03, SPRU - Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School.
- Geuna, Aldo & Kataishi, Rodrigo & Toselli, Manuel & Guzmán, Eduardo & Lawson, Cornelia & Fernandez-Zubieta, Ana & Barros, Beatriz, 2015. "SiSOB Data Extraction and Codification: A tool to analyse scientific careers," Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis LEI & BRICK - Laboratory of Economics of Innovation "Franco Momigliano", Bureau of Research in Innovation, Complexity and Knowledge, Collegio 201503, University of Turin.
- Hottenrott, Hanna & Lawson, Cornelia, 2014.
"Flying the nest: How the home department shapes researchers’ career paths,"
Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis LEI & BRICK - Laboratory of Economics of Innovation "Franco Momigliano", Bureau of Research in Innovation, Complexity and Knowledge, Collegio
201409, University of Turin.
- Hottenrott, Hanna & Lawson, Cornelia, 2015. "Flying the nest: How the home department shapes researchers' career paths," DICE Discussion Papers 153 [rev.], Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
- Hottenrott, Hanna & Lawson, Cornelia, 2014. "Flying the nest: How the home department shapes researchers' career paths," DICE Discussion Papers 153, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
- Hottenrott, Hanna & Lawson, Cornelia, 2015. "Flying the nest: How the home department shapes researchers' career paths," ZEW Discussion Papers 15-050, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
- Hottenrott, Hanna & Lawson, Cornelia, 2014. "Flying the nest: How the home department shapes researchers’ career paths," Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis. Working Papers 201423, University of Turin.
- Hayter, Christopher S. & Parker, Marla A., 2019. "Factors that influence the transition of university postdocs to non-academic scientific careers: An exploratory study," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(3), pages 556-570.
- Carolina Cañibano & Richard Woolley & Eric J. Iversen & Sybille Hinze & Stefan Hornbostel & Jakob Tesch, 2019. "A conceptual framework for studying science research careers," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 44(6), pages 1964-1992, December.
- Claire Bonnard, 2012. "The Access of the Young Graduates in Sciences into R&D Profession: A Switching Model Treatment for the French Case," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 26(1), pages 46-65, March.
- Eric S. Lin & Shih-Yung Chiu, 2016.
"Does Holding a Postdoctoral Position Bring Benefits for Advancing to Academia?,"
Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 57(3), pages 335-362, May.
- Lin, Eric S. & Chiu, Shih-Yung, 2015. "Does Holding a Postdoctoral Position Bring Benefits for Advancing to Academia?," IZA Discussion Papers 9083, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Natalia Mishagina, 2007. "Empirical Analysis Of Career Transitions Of Sciences And Engineering Doctorates In The Us," Working Paper 1137, Economics Department, Queen's University.
- Herrera, Liliana & Nieto, Mariano, 2015. "The determinants of firms' PhD recruitment to undertake R&D activities," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 132-142.
- Giulio Marini, 2021. "The employment destination of PhD-holders in Italy: non-academic funded projects as drivers of successful segmentation," DoQSS Working Papers 21-16, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London.
- Velho, Lea, 2002. "Research Capacity Building in Nicaragua: From Partnership with Sweden to Ownership and Social Accountability," UNU-INTECH Discussion Paper Series 2002-09, United Nations University - INTECH.
- Nora Hesse & Jürgen Brünjes, 2018. "How entrepreneurial are students who intend to become academics? – A study of career motives," Review of Regional Research: Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, Springer;Gesellschaft für Regionalforschung (GfR), vol. 38(1), pages 27-52, February.
- Herrera, Liliana & Nieto, Mariano, 2016. "PhD careers in Spanish industry: Job determinants in manufacturing versus non-manufacturing firms," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 113(PB), pages 341-351.
- Muscio, Alessandro & Ramaciotti, Laura, 2019. "How does academia influence Ph.D. entrepreneurship? New insights on the entrepreneurial university," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 82, pages 16-24.
- Diogo L Pinheiro & Julia Melkers & Sunni Newton, 2017. "Take me where I want to go: Institutional prestige, advisor sponsorship, and academic career placement preferences," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(5), pages 1-24, May.
- Alessandro Muscio & Sotaro Shibayama & Laura Ramaciotti, 2022. "Universities and start-up creation by Ph.D. graduates: the role of scientific and social capital of academic laboratories," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 47(1), pages 147-175, February.
- Antonio Di Paolo & Ferran Mañé, 2014.
"“Are we wasting our talent? Overqualification and overskilling among PhD graduates”,"
IREA Working Papers
201426, University of Barcelona, Research Institute of Applied Economics, revised Oct 2014.
- Antonio Di Paolo & Ferran Mañé, 2014. "Are we wasting our talent? Overqualification and overskilling among PhD graduates," Working Papers XREAP2014-06, Xarxa de Referència en Economia Aplicada (XREAP), revised Jun 2014.
- Antonio di Paolo & Ferran Mañé, 2014. "“Are we wasting our talent?Overqualification and overskilling among PhD graduates”," AQR Working Papers 201414, University of Barcelona, Regional Quantitative Analysis Group, revised Oct 2014.
- Plantec, Quentin & Cabanes, Benjamin & le Masson, Pascal & Weil, Benoit, 2023. "Early-career academic engagement in university–industry collaborative PhDs: Research orientation and project performance," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(9).
- Herrera, Liliana & Muñoz-Doyague, Maria Felisa & Nieto, Mariano, 2010. "Mobility of public researchers, scientific knowledge transfer, and the firm's innovation process," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 63(5), pages 510-518, May.
- Vincent Mangematin, 2011. "How do Academics adopt new practices during a reform ? The Evolution of doctoral education in France 1992-2009," Working Papers hal-00658038, HAL.
- Mare Codruta & Dragos Cristian & Popa Irimie Emil & Span Georgeta Ancuta, 2012. "A Statistical Approach Of Perceptions Of Master Accountancy Graduates Concerning Early Career Experiences," Annals of Faculty of Economics, University of Oradea, Faculty of Economics, vol. 1(1), pages 944-948, July.
- Bozeman, Barry & Rogers, Juan D., 2002. "A churn model of scientific knowledge value: Internet researchers as a knowledge value collective," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 769-794, July.
- Vincent Mangematin, 2011. "How do Academics adopt new practices during a reform ? The Evolution of doctoral education in France 1992-2009," Working paper serie RMT - Grenoble Ecole de Management hal-00658038, HAL.
- Michael Fritsch & Stefan Krabel, 2012.
"Ready to leave the ivory tower?: Academic scientists’ appeal to work in the private sector,"
The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 271-296, June.
- Michael Fritsch & Stefan Krabel, 2009. "Ready to Leave the Ivory Tower? - Academic Scientists' Appeal to Work in the Private Sector," Jena Economics Research Papers 2009-063, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena.
- Corsini, Alberto & Pezzoni, Michele & Visentin, Fabiana, 2022.
"What makes a productive Ph.D. student?,"
Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(10).
- Corsini, Alberto & Pezzoni, Michele & Visentin, Fabiana, 2021. "What makes a productive Ph.D. student?," MERIT Working Papers 2021-011, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
- Alberto Corsini & Michele Pezzoni & Fabiana Visentin, 2021. "What Makes a Productive Ph.D. Student?," Post-Print halshs-03564238, HAL.
- Alberto Corsini & Michele Pezzoni & Fabiana Visentin, 2021. "What Makes a Productive Ph.D. Student?," GREDEG Working Papers 2021-11, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
- Massimiliano Tani, 2022.
"Same degree but different outcomes: an analysis of labour market outcomes for native and international PhD students in Australia,"
Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 56(1), pages 1-18, December.
- Tani, Massimiliano, 2022. "Same degree but different outcomes: an analysis of labour market outcomes for native and international PhD students in Australia," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 56, pages 1-20.
- James A. Cunningham & Vincent Mangematin & Conor O’Kane & Paul O’Reilly, 2016. "At the frontiers of scientific advancement: the factors that influence scientists to become or choose to become publicly funded principal investigators," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 41(4), pages 778-797, August.
- Sofia Patsali & Michele Pezzoni & Fabiana Visentin, 2021.
"The Impact of Research Independence on PhD Students' Careers: Large-scale Evidence from France,"
GREDEG Working Papers
2021-35, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
- Sofia Patsali & Michele Pezzoni & Fabiana Visentin, 2021. "The Impact of Research Independence on PhD Students’ Careers: Large-Scale Evidence from France," Post-Print hal-03564708, HAL.
- Patsali, Sofia & Pezzoni, Michele & Visentin, Fabiana, 2021. "The impact of research independence on PhD students' careers: Large-scale evidence from France," MERIT Working Papers 2021-036, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
- Michele Meoli & Silvio Vismara, 2016. "University support and the creation of technology and non-technology academic spin-offs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 47(2), pages 345-362, August.
- repec:cte:wsrepe:ws132824 is not listed on IDEAS
- Antonio Di Paolo & Ferran Mañé, 2016. "Misusing our talent? Overeducation, overskilling and skill underutilisation among Spanish PhD graduates," The Economic and Labour Relations Review, , vol. 27(4), pages 432-452, December.
- Koen Geven & Jan Skopek & Moris Triventi, 2018. "How to Increase PhD Completion Rates? An Impact Evaluation of Two Reforms in a Selective Graduate School, 1976–2012," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 59(5), pages 529-552, August.
- Francisco Más-Verdú & Jose Polo Otero & José García Quevedo, 2010.
"Which firms want PhDs? The effect of the university-industry relationship on the PhD labour market,"
Working Papers
2010R02, Orkestra - Basque Institute of Competitiveness.
- José García-Quevedo & Francisco Mas-Verdú & Jose Polo-Otero, 2010. "Which firms want PhDS? The effect of the university-industry relationship on the PhD labour market," Working Papers 2010/13, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB).
- José García-Quevedo & Francisco Mas-Verdú & José Polo-Otero, 2010. "Which firms want PhDs? The effect of the university-industry relationship on the PhD labour market," Working Papers XREAP2010-02, Xarxa de Referència en Economia Aplicada (XREAP), revised Mar 2010.
- Giulia Rossello, 2023. "The Effect of Government Cuts of Doctoral Scholarships on Science," LEM Papers Series 2023/33, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
- Zellner, Christian, 2003. "The economic effects of basic research: evidence for embodied knowledge transfer via scientists' migration," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(10), pages 1881-1895, December.
- Quentin Plantec & Benjamin Cabanes & Pascal Le Masson & Benoit Weil, 2021. "Market-Pull Or Research Push? Effects Of Research Orientations On University-Industry Collaborative Ph.D. Projects' Performances," Post-Print halshs-03190142, HAL.
- Takao Furukawa & Nobuyuki Shirakawa & Kumi Okuwada & Kazuya Sasaki, 2012. "International mobility of researchers in robotics, computer vision and electron devices: A quantitative and comparative analysis," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 91(1), pages 185-202, April.
- Liliane Bonnal & Jean-Francois Giret, 2010. "Determinants of access to academic careers in France," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(5), pages 437-458.
- Бекова С. К. & Джафарова З. И., 2019. "Кому В Аспирантуре Жить Хорошо: Связь Трудовой Занятости Аспирантов С Процессом И Результатами Обучения," Вопросы образования // Educational Studies Moscow, National Research University Higher School of Economics, issue 1, pages 87-108.
- Claire Bonnard, 2012. "The Access of the Young Graduates in Sciences into RD Profession: A Switching Model Treatment for the French Case," Post-Print halshs-00671315, HAL.
- Hsing-fen Lee & Marcela Miozzo, 2015. "How does working on university–industry collaborative projects affect science and engineering doctorates’ careers? Evidence from a UK research-based university," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 40(2), pages 293-317, April.
- Caroline Lanciano-Morandat & Hiroatsu Nohara, 2002. "Analyse sociétale des marchés du travail des scientifiques," Post-Print halshs-00506015, HAL.
- Gustavo Crespi & Aldo Geuna & Lionel Nesta, 2007. "The mobility of university inventors in Europe," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 32(3), pages 195-215, June.
- Henry Sauermann & Michael Roach, 2012. "Science PhD Career Preferences: Levels, Changes, and Advisor Encouragement," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(5), pages 1-9, May.
- Jeongeun Kim & Molly Ott & Lindsey Dippold, 2020. "University and Department Influences on Scientists’ Occupational Outcomes," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 61(2), pages 197-228, March.
- Nora Hesse, 2013. "Longer is not necessarily better - University Career Level and Job Creation of Academic Entrepreneurs in Germany," ERSA conference papers ersa13p960, European Regional Science Association.
- Donna Kidwell, 2014. "Navigating the role of the principal investigator: a comparison of four cases," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 39(1), pages 33-51, February.
- Agustí Segarra & Mercedes Teruel & Miquel Angel Bove, 2014. "A territorial approach to R&D subsidies: Empirical evidence for Catalonian firms," Working Papers XREAP2014-07, Xarxa de Referència en Economia Aplicada (XREAP), revised Sep 2014.
- Török, Ádám, 2006. "Az európai felsőoktatás versenyképessége és a lisszaboni célkitűzések. Mennyire hihetünk a nemzetközi egyetemi rangsoroknak? [The competitiveness of Europes higher education and the Lisbon targets.," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(4), pages 310-329.
- Gaughan, Monica & Robin, Stephane, 2004. "National science training policy and early scientific careers in France and the United States," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 569-581, May.
- Negin Salimi & Rudi Bekkers & Koen Frenken, 2015.
"Governance mode choice in collaborative Ph.D. projects,"
The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 40(5), pages 840-858, October.
- Negin Salimi & Rudi Bekkers & Koen Frenken, 2013. "Governance Mode Choice in Collaborative PhD Projects," Working Papers 13-09, Eindhoven Center for Innovation Studies, revised Oct 2013.
- Fernandez-Zubieta, Ana & Geuna, Aldo & Lawson, Cornelia, 2015.
"What do We Know of the Mobility of Research Scientists and of its Impact on Scientific Production,"
Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis. Working Papers
201522, University of Turin.
- Fernandez-Zubieta, Ana & Geuna, Aldo & Lawson, Cornelia, 2015. "What do We Know of the Mobility of Research Scientists and of its Impact on Scientific Production," Department of Economics and Statistics Cognetti de Martiis LEI & BRICK - Laboratory of Economics of Innovation "Franco Momigliano", Bureau of Research in Innovation, Complexity and Knowledge, Collegio 201508, University of Turin.
- Mosoniné Fried, Judit & Pálinkó, Éva & Soós, Sándor, 2010. "Tudományos fokozattal rendelkező fiatal biológusok munkahelyi orientációja [The workplace orientation of young biologists with postgraduate degrees]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(1), pages 71-90.
- Lee, Hsing-fen & Miozzo, Marcela & Laredo, Philippe, 2010. "Career patterns and competences of PhDs in science and engineering in the knowledge economy: The case of graduates from a UK research-based university," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(7), pages 869-881, September.
- André D. S. Lerche & Christian L. Burk & Bettina S. Wiese, 2023. "Leaving the Ivory Tower: Vocational Application Orientation of Early Career Academics," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 64(3), pages 402-422, May.
- Alfano, Vincenzo & Gaeta, Giuseppe Lucio & Pinto, Mauro & Rotondo, Francesca & Vecchione, Gaetano, 2021. "La dinamica dell’offerta di formazione dottorale dopo la riforma Gelmini [Ph.D. courses in Italy after the Gelmini Reform]," MPRA Paper 108144, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Mignon Wuestman & Koen Frenken & Iris Wanzenböck, 2020. "A genealogical approach to academic success," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(12), pages 1-16, December.
- Claire Bonnard & Julien Calmand & Jean-François Giret, 2016. "Devenir chercheur ou enseignant chercheur : le goût pour la recherche des doctorants à l'épreuve du marché du travail," Post-Print halshs-01282661, HAL.
- Isabelle Recotillet, 2004. "Earnings of young doctorates in private jobs after participation to post-doctoral programs," Working Papers halshs-00086000, HAL.
- Nora Hesse, 2015. "Students' Career Attitudes - How Entrepreneurial Are Prospective Scientists?," Working Papers on Innovation and Space 2015-03, Philipps University Marburg, Department of Geography.
- Negin Salimi & Rudi Bekkers & Koen Frenken, 2013. "Governance and success of university-industry collaborations on the basis of Ph.D. projects: an explorative study," Working Papers 13-05, Eindhoven Center for Innovation Studies, revised Apr 2013.
- Andrea M Zimmerman, 2018. "Navigating the path to a biomedical science career," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(9), pages 1-24, September.
- Saule Bekova & Zibeyda Dzhafarova, 2019. "Who is Happy at Doctoral Programs: The Connection between Employment and Learning Outcomes of PhD Students," Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, National Research University Higher School of Economics, issue 1, pages 87-108.
- Rebekah St. Clair & Tamara Hutto & Cora MacBeth & Wendy Newstetter & Nael A McCarty & Julia Melkers, 2017. "The “new normal”: Adapting doctoral trainee career preparation for broad career paths in science," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, May.