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It's not just for boys! Understanding gender differences in STEM

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  • Delaney, Judith
  • Devereux, Paul

Abstract

While education levels of women have increased dramatically relative to men, women are still greatly underrepresented in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) college programmes. We use unique data on preference rankings for all secondary school students who apply for college in Ireland and detailed information on school subjects and grades to decompose the sources of the gender gap in STEM. We find that, of the 22 percentage points raw gap, about 13 percentage points is explained by differential subject choices and grades in secondary school. Subject choices are more important than grades -- we estimate male comparative advantage in STEM (as measured by subject grades) explains about 3 percentage points of the gender gap. Additionally, differences in overall achievement between girls and boys have a negligible effect. Strikingly, there remains a gender gap of 9 percentage points even for persons who have identical preparation at the end of secondary schooling (in terms of both subjects studied and grades achieved); however, this gap is only 4 percentage points for STEM-ready students. We find that gender gaps are smaller among high-achieving students and for students who go to school in more affluent areas. There is no gender gap in science (the large gaps are in engineering and technology), and we also find a smaller gender gap when we include nursing degrees in STEM, showing that the definition of STEM used is an important determinant of the conclusions reached.
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  • Delaney, Judith & Devereux, Paul, 2019. "It's not just for boys! Understanding gender differences in STEM," Papers WP617, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
    • Handle: RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp617
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    Cited by:

    1. Judith M. Delaney & Paul J. Devereux, 2020. "How Gender and Prior Disadvantage Predict Performance in College," The Economic and Social Review, Economic and Social Studies, vol. 51(2), pages 189-239.
    2. Delaney, Judith M. & Devereux, Paul J., 2021. "High School Rank in Math and English and the Gender Gap in STEM," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    3. Chise Diana & Fort Margherita & Monfardini Chiara, 2021. "On the Intergenerational Transmission of STEM Education among Graduate Students," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 21(1), pages 115-145, January.
    4. Thomas Breda & Elyès Jouini & Clotilde Napp, 2023. "Gender differences in the intention to study math increase with math performance," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-04155403, HAL.
    5. Grosch, Kerstin & Haeckl, Simone & Kocher , Martin G., 2022. "Closing the gender STEM gap. A large-scale randomized-controlled trial in elementary schools," UiS Working Papers in Economics and Finance 2022/4, University of Stavanger.
    6. Diana Chise & Margherita Fort & Chiara Monfardini, 2020. "Scientifico! like Dad: On the Intergenerational Transmission of STEM Education," FBK-IRVAPP Working Papers 2020-01, Research Institute for the Evaluation of Public Policies (IRVAPP), Bruno Kessler Foundation.
    7. Grosch, Kerstin & Häckl, Simone & Kocher, Martin G., 2022. "Closing the gender STEM gap," Department of Economics Working Paper Series 329, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
    8. Speer, Jamin D., 2020. "STEM Occupations and the Gender Gap: What Can We Learn from Job Tasks?," IZA Discussion Papers 13734, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    9. Jia, Ning, 2021. "Do stricter high school math requirements raise college STEM attainment?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    10. Goulas, Sofoklis & Megalokonomou, Rigissa & Zhang, Yi, 2023. "Female Classmates, Disruption, and STEM Outcomes in Disadvantaged Schools: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment," IZA Discussion Papers 16689, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    11. Elisa Failache & Noemí Katzkowicz & Cecilia Parada & Martina Querejeta & Tatiana Rosá, 2024. "Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 on University Enrollment and Major Choices," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 24-05, Instituto de Economía - IECON.
    12. Thomas Breda & Elyès Jouini & Clotilde Napp, 2023. "Gender differences in the intention to study math increase with math performance," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    13. Thomas Breda & Elyès Jouini & Clotilde Napp, 2023. "Gender differences in the intention to study math increase with math performance," Post-Print halshs-04155403, HAL.
    14. D. Chise & M. Fort & C. Monfardini, 2019. "Scientifico! like Dad: On the Intergenerational Transmission of STEM Education in Italy," Working Papers wp1138, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna.
    15. Chiara Cavaglia & Stephen Machin & Sandra McNally & Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, 2020. "Gender, achievement, and subject choice in English education," CVER Research Papers 032, Centre for Vocational Education Research.

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    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • I2 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education

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