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Les réallocations d'emplois en France sont-elles en phase avec le cycle ?

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  • Richard Duhautois

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[ger] Sind die Reallokationen der Arbeitsplätze in Frankreich phasengleich mit dem Zyklus? . . Anhand der Bruttobeschäftigungsflüsse lässt sich die Anpassung der Beschäftigung an den Konjunkturzyklus besser analysieren als mit den Nettoflüssen. Diese Anpassung erfolgt in der Regel durch die Vernichtung von Arbeitsplätzen im Falle einer großen Flexibilität des Arbeitsmarkts (Vereinigte Staaten) und durch die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen im Falle einer geringeren Flexibilität (Westeuropa ohne Vereinigtes Königreich). In Frankreich ist jährlich jeder fünfte Arbeitsplatz von den Reallokationen der Arbeitsplätze («Schaffung» plus «Vernichtung») betroffen. Diese Flüsse sind in der Industrie und in den großen Unternehmen geringer. Diese Bewegungen erfolgen größtenteils innerhalb der Subsektoren der Industrie und des Dienstleistungssektors (innersektorale Reallokationen). In Rezessionszeiten sind dagegen die sektorübergreifenden Reallokationen in der Industrie ausgeprägter. In den unteren Phasen des Konjunkturzyklus nehmen die Beschäftigungsflüsse der Sektoren, die am stärksten vom Abschwung betroffen sind, in Richtung der dynamischsten Sektoren zu: im Dienstleistungssektor werden dann etwas mehr Arbeitsplätze als in der Industrie geschaffen. Die geringere Kapitalintensität und die größere Unsicherheit bestimmter Arbeitsplätze begünstigen im Dienstleistungssektor eine stärkere Anpassung des Arbeitsplatzabbaus an die Rezession: sie sind dann vergleichsweise stark in der Industrie. Die Tertiarisierung der Wirtschaft in Verbindung mit einer größeren Beschäftigungsflexibilität erhöht die Streuung des Arbeitsplatzabbaus im Laufe der Zeit und bewirkt eine Veränderung bei der Anpassung der Beschäftigung während des Zyklus: diese würde in der oberen Phase durch die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen und in der unteren Phase durch die Vernichtung von Arbeitsplätzen vonstatten gehen. Insgesamt wären in Frankreich die Reallokationen von Arbeitsplätzen weder phasengleich (prozyklisch) noch gegenläufig (antizyklisch), sondern eher azyklisch. [fre] Les réallocations d’emplois en France sont-elles en phase avec le cycle? . Les flux bruts d’emplois permettent de mieux appréhender l’ajustement de l’emploi au cycle économique que les flux nets. Cet ajustement est censé s’opérer par les destructions d’emplois dans le cas d’une grande flexibilité du marché du travail (États-Unis), et par les créations dans le cas d’une moins grande flexibilité (Europe occidentale continentale). En France, les réallocations d’emplois («créations» plus «destructions») concernent chaque année un emploi sur cinq. Ces flux sont moins importants dans l’industrie et dans les plus grandes entreprises. L’essentiel de ces mouvements s’effectuent à l’intérieur des sous-secteurs de l’industrie et des services (réallocations intra-sectorielles). Les réallocations inter-sectorielles ont cependant tendance à être plus fortes dans le secteur industriel en période de récession. Dans les phases basses du cycle, les flux d’emplois des secteurs les plus en déclin augmentent en direction des secteurs les plus dynamiques: les créations d’emplois restent alors un peu plus vives dans les services que dans l’industrie. Dans les services, la moindre intensité capitalistique et la plus grande précarité de certains emplois favorisent un ajustement plus étroit des destructions d’emplois à la récession: elles sont alors relativement plus importantes que dans l’industrie. La tertiarisation de l’économie associée à une plus grande flexibilité de l’emploi augmente la dispersion des destructions d’emplois au cours du temps et engendre une modification de l’ajustement de l’emploi au cours du cycle: celui-ci s’effectuerait sur les créations en phase haute, et en phase basse sur les destructions. En France, les réallocations d’emplois ne seraient au total ni en phase (procycliques), ni en opposition avec le cycle (contracycliques): elles seraient plutôt acycliques. [eng] Is Job Reallocation in Line with the Cycle in France? . . Gross job flows provide more information than net flows on the adjustment of employment to the business cycle. This adjustment is supposed to be made by axing jobs where there is great flexibility on the labour market (United States) and creating jobs where there is less flexibility (Western continental Europe). In France, job reallocation (creations plus destructions) concerns one in five jobs every year. However, smaller flows are found in industry and the largest corporations. Most of these movements are found within industrial and service sub-sectors (reallocations within a given sector). However, there tend to be more inter-sector reallocations in the industrial sector during periods of recession. In the downswing phases of the cycle, there is an increase in job flows from the most depressed sectors to the most buoyant sectors: job creations therefore remain slightly higher in services than in industry. The lower capital intensity and higher instability of certain service sector jobs are conducive to a closer adjustment of job destructions to the recession. This makes them relatively higher than in industry. The economy’s shift towards services, combined with greater job flexibility, has broadened the spread of job destructions over time and triggered a change in the adjustment of employment over the cycle: employment is reported to adjust by means of creations at the peak of the cycle and destructions in the downswing phase. In France, job reallocation is reported to be neither in line (procyclical) nor in contrast (countercyclical) with the cycle. It is thought to be rather acyclical. [spa] ¿ Están las realocaciones de empleos en Francia en fase con el ciclo? . . Los flujos brutos de empleos permiten una mejor aprensión del ajuste del empleo al ciclo económico que los flujos netos. Este ajuste debe de llevarse a cabo mediante las destrucciones de empleo en el caso de una gran flexibilidad del mercado laboral (Estados Unidos), y mediante las creaciones en el caso de una menor flexibilidad (Europa occidental continental). En Francia, las realocaciones de empleos («creaciones» y «destrucciones») afectan cada año a uno de cada cinco empleos. Lo esencial de esos movimientos se da dentro de los subsectores de la industria y de los servicios (realocaciones intra-sectoriales). Las realocaciones inter-sectoriales tienden sin embargo a ser más fuertes en el sector industrial en periodo de recesión. En las fases bajas del ciclo, los flujos de empleos de los sectores más recesivos aumentan hacia los sectores más dinámicos: las creaciones de empleos siguen siendo más fuertes en los servicios que en la industria. En los servicios, la menor intensidad capitalística y la mayor precariedad de ciertos empleos favorecen un ajuste más estrecho de las destrucciones de empleos: resultan ser relativamente más fuertes que en la industria. La terciarización de la economía asociada con una mayor flexibilidad del empleo aumenta la dispersión en el tiempo de las destrucciones de empleos y genera una modificación del ajuste del empleo en el transcurso del ciclo: éste se haría sobre las creaciones en fase alta y en fase baja sobre las destrucciones. En Francia, las realocaciones de empleos no estarían al fin y al cabo ni en fase (procíclicas), ni en oposición con el ciclo (contracíclicas): serían más bien acíclicas.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard Duhautois, 2002. "Les réallocations d'emplois en France sont-elles en phase avec le cycle ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 351(1), pages 87-103.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2002_num_351_1_7408
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2002.7408
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2002.7408
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    1. Álvaro A. Novo & Mário Centeno & Carla Machado, 2007. "Job Creation and Destruction in Portugal," Economic Bulletin and Financial Stability Report Articles and Banco de Portugal Economic Studies, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
    2. Laurence Lizé & Nicolas Prokovas, 2013. "Quel métier à la sortie du chômage," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-00943520, HAL.
    3. Pauline Givord, 2005. "Formes particulières d'emploi et insertion des jeunes," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 388(1), pages 129-143.
    4. Camille Signoretto, 2016. "Mutually agreed termination, job destruction and dismissals: An empirical analysis based on French firm data (2006-2009)," Post-Print hal-01446429, HAL.
    5. Laurence Lizé & Nicolas Prokovas, 2013. "Dynamique sectorielle des sorties du chômage," Post-Print hal-00943488, HAL.
    6. Laurence Lizé & Nicolas Prokovas, 2013. "Quel métier à la sortie du chômage," Post-Print hal-00943520, HAL.
    7. Laurence Lizé & Nicolas Prokovas, 2013. "Emploi flexible et emploi non flexible à la sortie du chômage : une analyse par métier et secteur d'activité," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00881202, HAL.
    8. Camille Signoretto, 2013. "Rupture conventionnelle, destructions d'emplois et licenciements : une analyse empirique sur données d'entreprises (2006-2009)," Post-Print halshs-00881193, HAL.
    9. L'Haridon, Olivier & Malherbet, Franck, 2009. "Employment protection reform in search economies," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 53(3), pages 255-273, April.
    10. Giuseppe Tattara & Marco Valentini, 2010. "Turnover and Excess Worker Reallocation. The Veneto Labour Market between 1982 and 1996," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 24(4), pages 474-500, December.
    11. Pierrette Heuse & Yves Saks, 2009. "Labour flows in Belgium," Working Paper Research 162, National Bank of Belgium.
    12. Nathalie Georges & Yannick L'Horty & Florent Sari, 2012. "Comment réduire la fracture spatiale ? Une application en Ile-de-France," TEPP Research Report 2012-07, TEPP.
    13. Laurence Lizé & Nicolas Prokovas, 2013. "Emploi flexible et emploi non flexible à la sortie du chômage : une analyse par métier et secteur d'activité," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 13071, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.
    14. Olivier Charlot & Franck Malherbet, 2010. "Réforme de la protection de l'emploi et inégalités face au chômage dans un modèle d'appariement," Recherches économiques de Louvain, De Boeck Université, vol. 76(1), pages 57-112.
    15. Laurence Lizé & Nicolas Prokovas, 2013. "Emploi flexible et emploi non flexible à la sortie du chômage : une analyse par métier et secteur d'activité," Post-Print halshs-00881202, HAL.
    16. Mathieu Bunel, 2012. "Évaluer un dispositif sectoriel d'aide à l'emploi : l'exemple des hôtels, cafés et restaurants de 2004 à 2009," Economics Working Paper Archive (University of Rennes & University of Caen) 201223, Center for Research in Economics and Management (CREM), University of Rennes, University of Caen and CNRS.
    17. Mathieu Bunel & Yannick L'Horty, 2011. "Les effets des aides publiques aux Hôtels Cafés Restaurants et leurs interactions," Working Papers halshs-00658460, HAL.
    18. Bruno Crépon & Richard Duhautois, 2003. "Ralentissement de la productivité et réallocations d'emplois : deux régimes de croissance," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 367(1), pages 69-82.
    19. Emmanuelle Walkowiak, 2006. "Renouvellement de la main-d'œuvre et modernisation des entreprises," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 57(6), pages 1205-1233.
    20. Claude Picart, 2004. "Le tissu productif : renouvellement à la base et stabilité au sommet," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 371(1), pages 89-108.
    21. Mathieu Bunel & Yannick L'Horty, 2011. "Les effets des aides publiques aux Hôtels Cafés Restaurants et leurs interactions : Une évaluation sur micro-données d'entreprises," Working Papers halshs-00744905, HAL.
    22. Sébastien Delarre & Richard Duhautois, 2003. "La mobilité intra-groupe des salariés : le poids de la proximité géographique et structurale," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 369(1), pages 173-190.
    23. Laurence Lizé & Nicolas Prokovas, 2013. "Dynamique sectorielle des sorties du chômage," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-00943488, HAL.

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