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Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Stress Responses of High-Level Swimmers Depending on Autocratic and Democratic Coaching Style

Author

Listed:
  • Manuel Jiménez

    (Departamento de Didáctica de la Educación Física y Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26002 Logroño, Spain)

  • Manuel Fernández-Navas

    (Departamento de Didáctica y Organización Escolar, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain)

  • José Ramón Alvero-Cruz

    (Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histiología, Anatomía Patológica, y Medicina de la Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain)

  • Jerónimo García-Romero

    (Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histiología, Anatomía Patológica, y Medicina de la Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain)

  • Virginia García-Coll

    (Departamento de Didáctica de la Educación Física y Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26002 Logroño, Spain)

  • Iván Rivilla

    (Departamento de Didáctica de la Educación Física y Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26002 Logroño, Spain)

  • Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez

    (Faculty of Sports Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia)

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to analyse differences in the psychoneuroendocrine stress responses of high-level, young swimmers depending on whether an autocratic and democratic coaching style was applied. Modifications in cortisol and the motivational climate of 18 young swimmers (15.3 ± 1.86 years, 10 females and 8 males) were analysed before and after two training sessions with equivalent training loads but directed by two coaches applying different approaches, i.e., autocratic (A) and democratic (D). The basal testosterone levels of the coaches were also assessed. The basal testosterone concentration was higher in coach A than in coach D; the athletes perceived them as autocratic and democratic, respectively. Swimmers under coach A’s instructions showed higher cortisol levels, suggesting higher cortisol production related to coaching style. Furthermore, differences in the motivational climate concerning ego (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with that of other athletes) were observed with coach A, whereas differences in motivational climate concerning the task (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with their own past performance) were observed with coach D. Cognitive variables showed negative perceptions affecting athletes’ training experience and performance when they were screamed at or insulted by coach A. There were no gender or age differences in cortisol production or motivational climate. In conclusion, this study suggests that an autocratic coaching style modulates cortisol release in both genders, affecting young elite swimmers’ motivational climate and training experience.

Suggested Citation

  • Manuel Jiménez & Manuel Fernández-Navas & José Ramón Alvero-Cruz & Jerónimo García-Romero & Virginia García-Coll & Iván Rivilla & Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, 2019. "Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Stress Responses of High-Level Swimmers Depending on Autocratic and Democratic Coaching Style," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-8, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:24:p:5089-:d:297517
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Oberle, Eva & Schonert-Reichl, Kimberly A., 2016. "Stress contagion in the classroom? The link between classroom teacher burnout and morning cortisol in elementary school students," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 30-37.
    2. Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez & Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo, 2019. "Effectiveness of Reverse vs. Traditional Linear Training Periodization in Triathlon," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-13, August.
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    1. Hajer Sahli & Okba Selmi & Makrem Zghibi & Lee Hill & Thomas Rosemann & Beat Knechtle & Filipe Manuel Clemente, 2020. "Effect of the Verbal Encouragement on Psychophysiological and Affective Responses during Small-Sided Games," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-11, November.
    2. Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez & Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo & José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera & Jose A. Parraca & Nuno Batalha, 2021. "The Effect of Periodization on Training Program Adherence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-8, December.
    3. Manuel Jiménez & José Ramón Alvero-Cruz & Juan Solla & Jorge García-Bastida & Virginia García-Coll & Iván Rivilla & Enrique Ruiz & Jerónimo García-Romero & Elvis A. Carnero & Vicente Javier Clemente-S, 2020. "Competition Seriousness and Competition Level Modulate Testosterone and Cortisol Responses in Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-9, January.
    4. Pablo Ruisoto & Marina Ramírez & Belén Paladines-Costa & Silvia Vaca & Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, 2020. "Predicting Caregiver Burden in Informal Caregivers for the Elderly in Ecuador," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-10, October.
    5. Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez & Juan Pedro Fuentes-García & Ricardo J. Fernandes & João Paulo Vilas-Boas, 2021. "Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-11, April.

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