IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i21p5843-d442135.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles: State of the Art and Perspectives

Author

Listed:
  • Olivier Bethoux

    (GeePs, Group of Electrical Engineering—Paris, UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupélec, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France)

Abstract

Driven by a small number of niche markets and several decades of application research, fuel cell systems (FCS) are gradually reaching maturity, to the point where many players are questioning the interest and intensity of its deployment in the transport sector in general. This article aims to shed light on this debate from the road transport perspective. It focuses on the description of the fuel cell vehicle (FCV) in order to understand its assets, limitations and current paths of progress. These vehicles are basically hybrid systems combining a fuel cell and a lithium-ion battery, and different architectures are emerging among manufacturers, who adopt very different levels of hybridization. The main opportunity of Fuel Cell Vehicles is clearly their design versatility based on the decoupling of the choice of the number of Fuel Cell modules and hydrogen tanks. This enables manufacturers to meet various specifications using standard products. Upcoming developments will be in line with the crucial advantage of Fuel Cell Vehicles: intensive use in terms of driving range and load capacity. Over the next few decades, long-distance heavy-duty vehicles and fleets of taxis or delivery vehicles will develop based on range extender or mild hybrid architectures and enable the hydrogen sector to mature the technology from niche markets to a large-scale market.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Bethoux, 2020. "Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles: State of the Art and Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-28, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:21:p:5843-:d:442135
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/21/5843/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/21/5843/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Saumya Bansal & Yi Zong & Shi You & Lucian Mihet-Popa & Jinsheng Xiao, 2020. "Technical and Economic Analysis of One-Stop Charging Stations for Battery and Fuel Cell EV with Renewable Energy Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Hou, Yuze & Deng, Hao & Pan, Fengwen & Chen, Wenmiao & Du, Qing & Jiao, Kui, 2019. "Pore-scale investigation of catalyst layer ingredient and structure effect in proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Chang, Yafei & Qin, Yanzhou & Yin, Yan & Zhang, Junfeng & Li, Xianguo, 2018. "Humidification strategy for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 643-662.
    4. Carmen Raga & Andres Barrado & Antonio Lazaro & Alberto Martin-Lozano & Isabel Quesada & Pablo Zumel, 2018. "Influence of the Main Design Factors on the Optimal Fuel Cell-Based Powertrain Sizing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-22, November.
    5. Ahmed, Abdelsalam A. & Ramadan, Haitham S., 2020. "Prototype implementation of advanced electric vehicles drivetrain system: Verification and validation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    6. Edwin R. Grijalva & José María López Martínez & M. Nuria Flores & Víctor Del Pozo, 2018. "Design and Simulation of a Powertrain System for a Fuel Cell Extended Range Electric Golf Car," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-30, July.
    7. Manik Mayur & Mathias Gerard & Pascal Schott & Wolfgang G. Bessler, 2018. "Lifetime Prediction of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell under Automotive Load Cycling Using a Physically-Based Catalyst Degradation Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-21, August.
    8. Liu, Jia Xing & Guo, Hang & Ye, Fang & Ma, Chong Fang, 2017. "Two-dimensional analytical model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 299-308.
    9. Wilberforce, Tabbi & El Hassan, Zaki & Ogungbemi, Emmanuel & Ijaodola, O. & Khatib, F.N. & Durrant, A. & Thompson, J. & Baroutaji, A. & Olabi, A.G., 2019. "A comprehensive study of the effect of bipolar plate (BP) geometry design on the performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 236-260.
    10. Yanqin Chen & Chao Jiang & Chongdu Cho, 2019. "Characterization of Effective In-Plane Electrical Resistivity of a Gas Diffusion Layer in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells through Freeze–Thaw Thermal Cycles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    11. Geerten Van de Kaa & Daniel Scholten & Jafar Rezaei & Christine Milchram, 2017. "The Battle between Battery and Fuel Cell Powered Electric Vehicles: A BWM Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-13, October.
    12. Amela Ajanovic & Reinhard Haas, 2018. "Electric vehicles: solution or new problem?," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 7-22, December.
    13. Adriano Ceschia & Toufik Azib & Olivier Bethoux & Francisco Alves, 2020. "Optimal Sizing of Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Sources with Reliability Consideration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-18, July.
    14. Forrest, Kate & Mac Kinnon, Michael & Tarroja, Brian & Samuelsen, Scott, 2020. "Estimating the technical feasibility of fuel cell and battery electric vehicles for the medium and heavy duty sectors in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jarosław Konieczny & Krzysztof Labisz & Szymon Surma & Jakub Młyńczak & Jerzy Łukasik & Renata Boris & Michał Grzybowski, 2023. "Hydrogen or Electric Drive—Inconvenient (Omitted) Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-22, May.
    2. Halder, Pobitra & Babaie, Meisam & Salek, Farhad & Shah, Kalpit & Stevanovic, Svetlana & Bodisco, Timothy A. & Zare, Ali, 2024. "Performance, emissions and economic analyses of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    3. Gustavo Pinto & Joaquim Monteiro & Andresa Baptista & Leonardo Ribeiro & José Leite, 2021. "Study of the Permeation Flowrate of an Innovative Way to Store Hydrogen in Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-16, October.
    4. Sara Luciani & Andrea Tonoli, 2022. "Control Strategy Assessment for Improving PEM Fuel Cell System Efficiency in Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-17, March.
    5. Pastor, Jose V. & García-Oliver, Jose M. & Micó, Carlos & Tejada, Francisco J., 2023. "Characterization of the oxymethylene ether fuels flame structure for ECN Spray A and Spray D nozzles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    6. Shantanu Pardhi & Sajib Chakraborty & Dai-Duong Tran & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Steven Wilkins & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-55, December.
    7. Jiaming Zhou & Chunxiao Feng & Qingqing Su & Shangfeng Jiang & Zhixian Fan & Jiageng Ruan & Shikai Sun & Leli Hu, 2022. "The Multi-Objective Optimization of Powertrain Design and Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell–Battery Electric Vehicle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, May.
    8. Gianmarco Gottardo & Andrea Basso Peressut & Silvia Colnago & Saverio Latorrata & Luigi Piegari & Giovanni Dotelli, 2023. "LCA of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Considering Different Power System Architectures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-19, September.
    9. Francesco Calise & Francesco Liberato Cappiello & Luca Cimmino & Marialuisa Napolitano & Maria Vicidomini, 2023. "Dynamic Simulation and Thermoeconomic Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Solar System for Biomethane Production by the Organic Fraction of Municipal Wastes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-23, March.
    10. Hong, Sanghyun & Kim, Eunsung & Jeong, Saerok, 2023. "Evaluating the sustainability of the hydrogen economy using multi-criteria decision-making analysis in Korea," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 485-492.
    11. Uwe Reimer & Ekaterina Nikitsina & Holger Janßen & Martin Müller & Dieter Froning & Steven B. Beale & Werner Lehnert, 2021. "Design and Modeling of Metallic Bipolar Plates for a Fuel Cell Range Extender," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-26, September.
    12. Mariano Gallo & Mario Marinelli, 2022. "The Impact of Fuel Cell Electric Freight Vehicles on Fuel Consumption and CO 2 Emissions: The Case of Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-17, October.
    13. Danijel Pavković & Mihael Cipek & Filip Plavac & Juraj Karlušić & Matija Krznar, 2022. "Internal Combustion Engine Starting and Torque Boosting Control System Design with Vibration Active Damping Features for a P0 Mild Hybrid Vehicle Configuration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-24, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shantanu Pardhi & Sajib Chakraborty & Dai-Duong Tran & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Steven Wilkins & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-55, December.
    2. Olivier Bethoux, 2020. "Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles and Their Infrastructure: An Option towards an Environmentally Friendly Energy Transition," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-27, November.
    3. Hoang Nghia Vu & Xuan Linh Nguyen & Sangseok Yu, 2022. "A Lumped-Mass Model of Membrane Humidifier for PEMFC," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-16, March.
    4. Yin, Cong & Yang, Haiyu & Liu, Yu & Wen, Xuhui & Xie, Guangyou & Wang, Renkang & Tang, Hao, 2023. "Numerical and experimental investigations on internal humidifying designs for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    5. Naoya Shigeta & Seyed Ehsan Hosseini, 2020. "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles’ Power Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-32, December.
    6. Lukáš Dvořáček & Martin Horák & Jaroslav Knápek, 2022. "Simulation of Electric Vehicle Charging Points Based on Efficient Use of Chargers and Using Recuperated Braking Energy from Trains," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-28, January.
    7. Lane, Blake & Kinnon, Michael Mac & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2022. "Deployment planning tool for environmentally sensitive heavy-duty vehicles and fueling infrastructure," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    8. Arkadiusz Adamczyk, 2020. "Sizing and Control Algorithms of a Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-15, October.
    9. Anne Christine Lusk & Xin Li & Qiming Liu, 2023. "If the Government Pays for Full Home-Charger Installation, Would Affordable-Housing and Middle-Income Residents Buy Electric Vehicles?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-26, March.
    10. Hong, Sanghyun & Kim, Eunsung & Jeong, Saerok, 2023. "Evaluating the sustainability of the hydrogen economy using multi-criteria decision-making analysis in Korea," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 485-492.
    11. Abdollahzadeh, M. & Ribeirinha, P. & Boaventura, M. & Mendes, A., 2018. "Three-dimensional modeling of PEMFC with contaminated anode fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 939-959.
    12. Teng Teng & Xin Zhang & Qicheng Xue & Baodi Zhang, 2024. "Research of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Modeling on Concentration Polarization under Variable-Temperature Operating Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-17, February.
    13. Indre Siksnelyte-Butkiene & Dalia Streimikiene, 2022. "Sustainable Development of Road Transport in the EU: Multi-Criteria Analysis of Countries’ Achievements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-25, November.
    14. Culubret, S. & Rubio, M.A. & Sanchez, D.G. & Urquia, A., 2024. "Performance uniformity analysis in polymer electrolyte fuel cell using long-term dynamic simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
    15. Hou, Junbo & Yang, Min & Ke, Changchun & Zhang, Junliang, 2020. "Control logics and strategies for air supply in PEM fuel cell engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    16. Yao, Jing & Wu, Zhen & Wang, Huan & Yang, Fusheng & Xuan, Jin & Xing, Lei & Ren, Jianwei & Zhang, Zaoxiao, 2022. "Design and multi-objective optimization of low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells with efficient water recovery and high electrochemical performance," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    17. Tzelepis, Stefanos & Kavadias, Kosmas A. & Marnellos, George E. & Xydis, George, 2021. "A review study on proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrochemical performance focusing on anode and cathode catalyst layer modelling at macroscopic level," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    18. Theo Lieven & Beatrice Hügler, 2021. "Did Electric Vehicle Sales Skyrocket Due to Increased Environmental Awareness While Total Vehicle Sales Declined during COVID-19?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-19, December.
    19. Olabi, A.G. & Wilberforce, Tabbi & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali, 2021. "Fuel cell application in the automotive industry and future perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    20. Marina Siebenhofer & Amela Ajanovic & Reinhard Haas, 2021. "How Policies Affect the Dissemination of Electric Passenger Cars Worldwide," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-23, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:21:p:5843-:d:442135. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.