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Improved biodiesel production from sludge palm oil catalyzed by a low-cost liquid lipase under low-input process conditions

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  • Loh, Jun Mann
  • Amelia,
  • Gourich, Wail
  • Chew, Chien Lye
  • Song, Cher Pin
  • Chan, Eng-Seng

Abstract

Sludge palm oil is a by-product produced as a result of oil loss into waste streams during the palm oil milling process. It is non-edible, inexpensive and abundantly available, thus making it an attractive feedstock for biodiesel production. However, it contains high contents of water and free fatty acids, rendering the conventional alkali-catalyzed process unsuitable. Therefore, this research aimed to improve the production of biodiesel from sludge palm oil using a low-cost liquid lipase (Eversa® Transform 2.0) produced from a genetically modified Aspergillus oryzae. The activity of the liquid lipase was determined to be 9600 IU mL−1. We performed the reaction using low-input process conditions with only 0.2 wt% enzyme concentration and 5:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio at a low operating temperature of 45 °C. Under an optimum stirring speed of 750 rpm, a crude biodiesel with a high ester content of approximately 94 wt% could be produced. Additionally, the crude glycerol produced has a higher purity compared to that produced via a chemical-catalyzed process. Overall, an economical and sustainable enzymatic process for the conversion of sludge palm oil into high quality biodiesel and glycerol has been demonstrated in this study.

Suggested Citation

  • Loh, Jun Mann & Amelia, & Gourich, Wail & Chew, Chien Lye & Song, Cher Pin & Chan, Eng-Seng, 2021. "Improved biodiesel production from sludge palm oil catalyzed by a low-cost liquid lipase under low-input process conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 348-358.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:177:y:2021:i:c:p:348-358
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.138
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    Cited by:

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    2. Kamel Ariffin, Maryam Farhana & Idris, Ani, 2022. "Fe2O3/Chitosan coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles supporting lipase enzyme from Candida Antarctica for microwave assisted biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 1362-1375.
    3. Ng, Wei Zhe & Obon, Aaron Anthony & Lee, Chin Loong & Ong, Yi Hui & Gourich, Wail & Maran, Kireshwen & Tang, Dennis Boon Yong & Song, Cher Pin & Chan, Eng-Seng, 2022. "Techno-economic analysis of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil for improving renewable energy access in rural areas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    4. Narayanan, Mathiyazhagan, 2024. "Promising biorefinery products from marine macro and microalgal biomass: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 190(PB).
    5. Huang, Shuai & Cui, Ziheng & Zhu, Ruisong & Chen, Changjing & Song, Shuyue & Song, Jianting & Wang, Meng & Tan, Tianwei, 2022. "Design and development of a new static mixing bioreactor for enzymatic bioprocess: Application in biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 922-931.
    6. Wancura, João H.C. & Brondani, Michel & dos Santos, Maicon S.N. & Oro, Carolina E.D. & Wancura, Guilherme C. & Tres, Marcus V. & Oliveira, J. Vladimir, 2023. "Demystifying the enzymatic biodiesel: How lipases are contributing to its technological advances," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).

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