IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v158y2018icp148-163.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Modeling shared autonomous electric vehicles: Potential for transport and power grid integration

Author

Listed:
  • Iacobucci, Riccardo
  • McLellan, Benjamin
  • Tezuka, Tetsuo

Abstract

One-way car-sharing systems are becoming increasingly popular, and the introduction of autonomous vehicles could make these systems even more widespread. Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles could also allow for more controllable charging compared to private electric vehicles, allowing large scale demand response and providing essential ancillary services to the electric grid. In this work, we develop a simulation methodology for evaluating a Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicle system interacting with passengers and charging at designated charging stations using a heuristic-based charging strategy. The influence of fleet size is studied in terms of transport service quality and break-even prices for the system. We test the potential of the system to supply operating reserve by formulating an optimization problem for the optimal deployment of vehicles during a grid operator request. The results of the simulations for the case study of Tokyo show that a fleet of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles would only need to be about 10%–14% of a fleet of private cars providing a comparable level of transport service, with low break-even prices. Moreover, we show that the system can provide operating reserve under several operational conditions even at peak transport demand without significant disruption to transport service.

Suggested Citation

  • Iacobucci, Riccardo & McLellan, Benjamin & Tezuka, Tetsuo, 2018. "Modeling shared autonomous electric vehicles: Potential for transport and power grid integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 148-163.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:158:y:2018:i:c:p:148-163
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.024
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544218310776
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.024?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Boyacı, Burak & Zografos, Konstantinos G. & Geroliminis, Nikolas, 2015. "An optimization framework for the development of efficient one-way car-sharing systems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 240(3), pages 718-733.
    2. Tarroja, Brian & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2015. "The importance of grid integration for achievable greenhouse gas emissions reductions from alternative vehicle technologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 504-519.
    3. Bishop, Justin D.K. & Axon, Colin J. & Bonilla, David & Banister, David, 2016. "Estimating the grid payments necessary to compensate additional costs to prospective electric vehicle owners who provide vehicle-to-grid ancillary services," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 715-727.
    4. Jun Liu & Kara M. Kockelman & Patrick M. Boesch & Francesco Ciari, 2017. "Tracking a system of shared autonomous vehicles across the Austin, Texas network using agent-based simulation," Transportation, Springer, vol. 44(6), pages 1261-1278, November.
    5. Fernandes, Camila & Frías, Pablo & Latorre, Jesús M., 2012. "Impact of vehicle-to-grid on power system operation costs: The Spanish case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 194-202.
    6. Richardson, David B., 2013. "Electric vehicles and the electric grid: A review of modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable energy integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 247-254.
    7. Greenblatt, Jeffery & Shaheen, Susan PhD, 2015. "Automated Vehicles, On-Demand Mobility and Environmental Impacts," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt23r1h80t, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    8. Fagnant, Daniel J. & Kockelman, Kara, 2015. "Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 167-181.
    9. Chen, T. Donna & Kockelman, Kara M. & Hanna, Josiah P., 2016. "Operations of a shared, autonomous, electric vehicle fleet: Implications of vehicle & charging infrastructure decisions," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 243-254.
    10. Jeffery B. Greenblatt & Samveg Saxena, 2015. "Autonomous taxis could greatly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of US light-duty vehicles," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(9), pages 860-863, September.
    11. Mwasilu, Francis & Justo, Jackson John & Kim, Eun-Kyung & Do, Ton Duc & Jung, Jin-Woo, 2014. "Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 501-516.
    12. Dallinger, David & Wietschel, Martin, 2012. "Grid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources using price-responsive plug-in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 3370-3382.
    13. Wang, Qi & Zhang, Chunyu & Ding, Yi & Xydis, George & Wang, Jianhui & Østergaard, Jacob, 2015. "Review of real-time electricity markets for integrating Distributed Energy Resources and Demand Response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 695-706.
    14. Fernández, I.J. & Calvillo, C.F. & Sánchez-Miralles, A. & Boal, J., 2013. "Capacity fade and aging models for electric batteries and optimal charging strategy for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 35-43.
    15. Wadud, Zia & MacKenzie, Don & Leiby, Paul, 2016. "Help or hindrance? The travel, energy and carbon impacts of highly automated vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 1-18.
    16. Han, Sekyung & Han, Soohee & Aki, Hirohisa, 2014. "A practical battery wear model for electric vehicle charging applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1100-1108.
    17. Uddin, Kotub & Jackson, Tim & Widanage, Widanalage D. & Chouchelamane, Gael & Jennings, Paul A. & Marco, James, 2017. "On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart-grid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 710-722.
    18. Nunes, Pedro & Brito, M.C., 2017. "Displacing natural gas with electric vehicles for grid stabilization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 87-96.
    19. Björn Nykvist & Måns Nilsson, 2015. "Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(4), pages 329-332, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Cilio, Luca & Babacan, Oytun, 2021. "Allocation optimisation of rapid charging stations in large urban areas to support fully electric taxi fleets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    2. Gu, Yewen & Goez, Julio C. & Mario, Guajardo & Wallace, Stein W., 2019. "Autonomous vessels: State of the art and potential opportunities in logistics," Discussion Papers 2019/6, Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Business and Management Science.
    3. Xu, Fangyuan & Chen, Xujie & Zhang, Miao & Zhou, Ya & Cai, Yanpeng & Zhou, Yang & Tang, Ruixin & Wang, Yifei, 2020. "A sharing economy market system for private EV parking with consideration of demand side management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    4. Riccardo Iacobucci & Benjamin McLellan & Tetsuo Tezuka, 2018. "The Synergies of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles with Renewable Energy in a Virtual Power Plant and Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    5. Phan, Duong & Bab-Hadiashar, Alireza & Lai, Chow Yin & Crawford, Bryn & Hoseinnezhad, Reza & Jazar, Reza N. & Khayyam, Hamid, 2020. "Intelligent energy management system for conventional autonomous vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    6. Sumitkumar, Rathor & Al-Sumaiti, Ameena Saad, 2024. "Shared autonomous electric vehicle: Towards social economy of energy and mobility from power-transportation nexus perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    7. Xiaolin Chu & Yuntian Ge & Xue Zhou & Lin Li & Dong Yang, 2020. "Modeling and Analysis of Electric Vehicle-Power Grid-Manufacturing Facility (EPM) Energy Sharing System under Time-of-Use Electricity Tariff," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-27, June.
    8. Riccardo Iacobucci & Raffaele Bruno & Jan-Dirk Schmöcker, 2021. "An Integrated Optimisation-Simulation Framework for Scalable Smart Charging and Relocation of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-22, June.
    9. Mohammed Obaid & Arpad Torok & Jairo Ortega, 2021. "A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, April.
    10. Li, Danyang & Chen, Wenying, 2019. "TIMES modeling of the large-scale popularization of electric vehicles under the worldwide prohibition of liquid vehicle sales," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    11. Kang, Di & Levin, Michael W., 2021. "Maximum-stability dispatch policy for shared autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 132-151.
    12. Chi Feng & Zhenyu Mei, 2023. "Optimization of Shared Autonomous Vehicles Routing Problem: From the View of Parking," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-17, August.
    13. Lai, Kexing & Chen, Tao & Natarajan, Balasubramaniam, 2020. "Optimal scheduling of electric vehicles car-sharing service with multi-temporal and multi-task operation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    14. Li, Yanning & Li, Xinwei & Jenn, Alan, 2022. "Evaluating the emission benefits of shared autonomous electric vehicle fleets: A case study in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    15. Lu, Xiaonong & Zhang, Qiang & Peng, Zhanglin & Shao, Zhen & Song, Hao & Wang, Wanying, 2020. "Charging and relocating optimization for electric vehicle car-sharing: An event-based strategy improvement approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    16. Lei Zhu & Zhouqiao Zhao & Guoyuan Wu, 2021. "Shared Automated Mobility with Demand-Side Cooperation: A Proof-of-Concept Microsimulation Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-17, February.
    17. Ghulam E Mustafa Abro & Saiful Azrin B. M. Zulkifli & Kundan Kumar & Najib El Ouanjli & Vijanth Sagayan Asirvadam & Mahmoud A. Mossa, 2023. "Comprehensive Review of Recent Advancements in Battery Technology, Propulsion, Power Interfaces, and Vehicle Network Systems for Intelligent Autonomous and Connected Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-31, March.
    18. Liao, Zitong & Taiebat, Morteza & Xu, Ming, 2021. "Shared autonomous electric vehicle fleets with vehicle-to-grid capability: Economic viability and environmental co-benefits," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    19. Wu, Min & Yuen, Kum Fai, 2023. "Initial trust formation on shared autonomous vehicles: Exploring the effects of personality-, transfer- and performance-based stimuli," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Riccardo Iacobucci & Benjamin McLellan & Tetsuo Tezuka, 2018. "The Synergies of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles with Renewable Energy in a Virtual Power Plant and Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    2. Moneim Massar & Imran Reza & Syed Masiur Rahman & Sheikh Muhammad Habib Abdullah & Arshad Jamal & Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail, 2021. "Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions—Positive or Negative?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-23, May.
    3. Gaizka Saldaña & Jose Ignacio San Martin & Inmaculada Zamora & Francisco Javier Asensio & Oier Oñederra, 2019. "Electric Vehicle into the Grid: Charging Methodologies Aimed at Providing Ancillary Services Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-37, June.
    4. Nunes, Pedro & Figueiredo, Raquel & Brito, Miguel C., 2016. "The use of parking lots to solar-charge electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 679-693.
    5. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & Pesiridis, Apostolos & Rajoo, Srithar & Martinez-Botas, Ricardo & Esfahanian, Vahid, 2017. "A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 414-430.
    6. Martin Adler & Stefanie Peer & Tanja Sinozic, 2019. "Autonomous, Connected, Electric Shared vehicles (ACES) and public finance: an explorative analysis," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 19-005/VIII, Tinbergen Institute.
    7. Marletto, Gerardo, 2019. "Who will drive the transition to self-driving? A socio-technical analysis of the future impact of automated vehicles," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 221-234.
    8. Liu, Liansheng & Kong, Fanxin & Liu, Xue & Peng, Yu & Wang, Qinglong, 2015. "A review on electric vehicles interacting with renewable energy in smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 648-661.
    9. Morteza Taiebat & Austin L. Brown & Hannah R. Safford & Shen Qu & Ming Xu, 2019. "A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles," Papers 1901.10581, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2019.
    10. Liu, Feiqi & Zhao, Fuquan & Liu, Zongwei & Hao, Han, 2019. "Can autonomous vehicle reduce greenhouse gas emissions? A country-level evaluation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 462-473.
    11. Holger C. Hesse & Michael Schimpe & Daniel Kucevic & Andreas Jossen, 2017. "Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-42, December.
    12. Li, Dun & Huang, Youlin & Qian, Lixian, 2022. "Potential adoption of robotaxi service: The roles of perceived benefits to multiple stakeholders and environmental awareness," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 120-135.
    13. Meyer, Jonas & Becker, Henrik & Bösch, Patrick M. & Axhausen, Kay W., 2017. "Autonomous vehicles: The next jump in accessibilities?," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 80-91.
    14. Daina, Nicolò & Sivakumar, Aruna & Polak, John W., 2017. "Modelling electric vehicles use: a survey on the methods," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 447-460.
    15. Ashique, Ratil H. & Salam, Zainal & Bin Abdul Aziz, Mohd Junaidi & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017. "Integrated photovoltaic-grid dc fast charging system for electric vehicle: A review of the architecture and control," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1243-1257.
    16. Roberto Battistini & Luca Mantecchini & Maria Nadia Postorino, 2020. "Users’ Acceptance of Connected and Automated Shuttles for Tourism Purposes: A Survey Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-17, December.
    17. Paterakis, Nikolaos G. & Erdinç, Ozan & Catalão, João P.S., 2017. "An overview of Demand Response: Key-elements and international experience," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 871-891.
    18. Loeb, Benjamin & Kockelman, Kara M., 2019. "Fleet performance and cost evaluation of a shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) fleet: A case study for Austin, Texas," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 374-385.
    19. Becker, Henrik & Becker, Felix & Abe, Ryosuke & Bekhor, Shlomo & Belgiawan, Prawira F. & Compostella, Junia & Frazzoli, Emilio & Fulton, Lewis M. & Guggisberg Bicudo, Davi & Murthy Gurumurthy, Krishna, 2020. "Impact of vehicle automation and electric propulsion on production costs for mobility services worldwide," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 105-126.
    20. Guo, Yuntao & Souders, Dustin & Labi, Samuel & Peeta, Srinivas & Benedyk, Irina & Li, Yujie, 2021. "Paving the way for autonomous Vehicles: Understanding autonomous vehicle adoption and vehicle fuel choice under user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 364-398.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:158:y:2018:i:c:p:148-163. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.