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The importance of grid integration for achievable greenhouse gas emissions reductions from alternative vehicle technologies

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  • Tarroja, Brian
  • Shaffer, Brendan
  • Samuelsen, Scott

Abstract

Alternative vehicles must appropriately interface with the electric grid and renewable generation to contribute to decarbonization. This study investigates the impact of infrastructure configurations and management strategies on the vehicle–grid interface and vehicle greenhouse gas reduction potential with regard to California's Executive Order S-21-09 goal. Considered are battery electric vehicles, gasoline-fueled plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hydrogen-fueled fuel cell vehicles, and plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles. Temporally resolved models of the electric grid, electric vehicle charging, hydrogen infrastructure, and vehicle powertrain simulations are integrated. For plug-in vehicles, consumer travel patterns can limit the greenhouse gas reductions without smart charging or energy storage. For fuel cell vehicles, the fuel production mix must be optimized for minimal greenhouse gas emissions. The plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicle has the largest potential for emissions reduction due to smaller battery and fuel cells keeping efficiencies higher and meeting 86% of miles on electric travel keeping the hydrogen demand low. Energy storage is required to meet Executive Order S-21-09 goals in all cases. Meeting the goal requires renewable capacities of 205 GW for plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles and battery electric vehicle 100s, 255 GW for battery electric vehicle 200s, and 325 GW for fuel cell vehicles.

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  • Tarroja, Brian & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2015. "The importance of grid integration for achievable greenhouse gas emissions reductions from alternative vehicle technologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 504-519.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:87:y:2015:i:c:p:504-519
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.012
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    2. Forrest, Kate & Mac Kinnon, Michael & Tarroja, Brian & Samuelsen, Scott, 2020. "Estimating the technical feasibility of fuel cell and battery electric vehicles for the medium and heavy duty sectors in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
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    4. Tarroja, Brian & Chiang, Felicia & AghaKouchak, Amir & Samuelsen, Scott & Raghavan, Shuba V. & Wei, Max & Sun, Kaiyu & Hong, Tianzhen, 2018. "Translating climate change and heating system electrification impacts on building energy use to future greenhouse gas emissions and electric grid capacity requirements in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 522-534.
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    6. Tarroja, Brian & Forrest, Kate & Chiang, Felicia & AghaKouchak, Amir & Samuelsen, Scott, 2019. "Implications of hydropower variability from climate change for a future, highly-renewable electric grid in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 353-366.
    7. Tarroja, Brian & Hittinger, Eric, 2021. "The value of consumer acceptance of controlled electric vehicle charging in a decarbonizing grid: The case of California," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    8. Teixeira, Ana Carolina Rodrigues & Sodré, José Ricardo, 2016. "Simulation of the impacts on carbon dioxide emissions from replacement of a conventional Brazilian taxi fleet by electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P3), pages 1617-1622.
    9. Pavić, Ivan & Capuder, Tomislav & Kuzle, Igor, 2016. "Low carbon technologies as providers of operational flexibility in future power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 724-738.
    10. Md Tahmid Hussain & Adil Sarwar & Mohd Tariq & Shabana Urooj & Amal BaQais & Md. Alamgir Hossain, 2023. "An Evaluation of ANN Algorithm Performance for MPPT Energy Harvesting in Solar PV Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-36, July.
    11. Knüpfer, Kristina & Mäll, Martin & Esteban, Miguel & Shibayama, Tomoya, 2021. "Review of mixed-technology vehicle fleet evolution and representation in modelling studies: Policy contexts of Germany and Japan," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    12. Liyan Feng & Jun Zhai & Lei Chen & Wuqiang Long & Jiangping Tian & Bin Tang, 2017. "Increasing the application of gas engines to decrease China’s GHG emissions," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 22(6), pages 839-861, August.
    13. Tarroja, Brian & Shaffer, Brendan P. & Samuelsen, Scott, 2018. "Resource portfolio design considerations for materially-efficient planning of 100% renewable electricity systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 460-471.
    14. Wang, Sarah & Tarroja, Brian & Schell, Lori Smith & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2019. "Prioritizing among the end uses of excess renewable energy for cost-effective greenhouse gas emission reductions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 284-298.
    15. Shaukat, N. & Khan, B. & Ali, S.M. & Mehmood, C.A. & Khan, J. & Farid, U. & Majid, M. & Anwar, S.M. & Jawad, M. & Ullah, Z., 2018. "A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1329-1349.
    16. Iacobucci, Riccardo & McLellan, Benjamin & Tezuka, Tetsuo, 2018. "Modeling shared autonomous electric vehicles: Potential for transport and power grid integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 148-163.
    17. Shuxia Yang & Di Zhang & Dongyan Li, 2019. "A Calculation Model for CO 2 Emission Reduction of Energy Internet: A Case Study of Yanqing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-21, April.
    18. Powell, Siobhan & Martin, Sonia & Rajagopal, Ram & Azevedo, Inês M.L. & de Chalendar, Jacques, 2024. "Future-proof rates for controlled electric vehicle charging: Comparing multi-year impacts of different emission factor signals," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    19. Lane, Blake & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2020. "A comparison of alternative vehicle fueling infrastructure scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    20. Colbertaldo, Paolo & Guandalini, Giulio & Campanari, Stefano, 2018. "Modelling the integrated power and transport energy system: The role of power-to-gas and hydrogen in long-term scenarios for Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 592-601.
    21. Zhu, Xianwen & Xia, Mingchao & Chiang, Hsiao-Dong, 2018. "Coordinated sectional droop charging control for EV aggregator enhancing frequency stability of microgrid with high penetration of renewable energy sources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 936-943.
    22. Liu, Hanwu & Lei, Yulong & Fu, Yao & Li, Xingzhong, 2022. "A novel hybrid-point-line energy management strategy based on multi-objective optimization for range-extended electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    23. Tarroja, Brian & AghaKouchak, Amir & Samuelsen, Scott, 2016. "Quantifying climate change impacts on hydropower generation and implications on electric grid greenhouse gas emissions and operation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 295-305.

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