IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v369y2024ics0306261924009218.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Combustion and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fueled with ammonia/gasoline and pure ammonia

Author

Listed:
  • Liu, Shang
  • Lin, Zhelong
  • Qi, Yunliang
  • Wang, Zhi
  • Yang, Dongsheng
  • Lu, Guoxiang
  • Wang, Bo

Abstract

The decarbonization movement has sparked interests in ammonia (NH3) as a fuel for internal combustion engines in the transportation sector. Despite its promise, the poor combustion and emission performance are the main obstacles to widespread application. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the combustion and emission performance of a single-cylinder spark ignition engine fueled with NH3/gasoline blends under different operating conditions. The effects of NH3 blending ratio, engine load, EGR ratio, engine speed, intake variable valve timing (VVT) phase and the composition and octane of the fuel were examined. The results indicated that blending NH3 could effectively suppress knock, optimize combustion phase and improve thermal efficiency. Blending NH3 had minimal impact on flame propagation in the main combustion duration (denoted by CA50 - CA10 and CA90 - CA50) under knock-free conditions but negative effects were exhibited on the development of initial flame kernel. The combustion stability under high NH3 blending ratios were improved by increasing engine load, decreasing EGR ratio, etc. Furthermore, stable and efficient combustion of pure NH3 with COV of 1.3% and indicated thermal efficiency of 41% was realized with a commercial ignition coil and without intake-charge heating. The fuel-type NOx exhibited a positive temperature correlation and negative pressure correlation. Accordingly, NOx emissions were decreased with spark timing (ST) advancing within a specific range of NH3 blending ratios. However, it remained essentially unchanged or showed a slight increase with advanced ST at high NH3 blending ratio. NH3 emission was simultaneously affected by both the “crevice mechanism” and the “flame quenching mechanism”. Particularly, the influence of the “flame quenching mechanism” intensified under higher NH3 blending ratio and lower engine load conditions. N2O emission was regulated by the low-temperature oxidation path of NH3. Increasing the combustion temperature could effectively decrease N2O emission.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Qi, Yunliang & Wang, Zhi & Yang, Dongsheng & Lu, Guoxiang & Wang, Bo, 2024. "Combustion and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fueled with ammonia/gasoline and pure ammonia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 369(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:369:y:2024:i:c:s0306261924009218
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123538
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924009218
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123538?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hu, Wenshuo & Zhang, Yu & Wang, Xiaoxiang & Wu, Weihong & Song, Hao & Yang, Yang & Liu, Shaojun & Zheng, Chenghang & Gao, Xiang, 2023. "Mechanistic assessment of NO oxidative activation on tungsten-promoted ceria catalysts and its consequence for low-temperature NH3-SCR," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 330(PA).
    2. Wang, Chongming & Zeraati-Rezaei, Soheil & Xiang, Liming & Xu, Hongming, 2017. "Ethanol blends in spark ignition engines: RON, octane-added value, cooling effect, compression ratio, and potential engine efficiency gain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 603-619.
    3. Wang, Xinran & Li, Tie & Chen, Run & Li, Shiyan & Kuang, Min & Lv, Yibin & Wang, Yu & Rao, Honghua & Liu, Yanzhao & Lv, Xiaodong, 2024. "Exploring the GHG reduction potential of pilot diesel-ignited ammonia engines - Effects of diesel injection timing and ammonia energetic ratio," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    4. Lin, Zhelong & Liu, Shang & Qi, Yunliang & Chen, Qingchu & Wang, Zhi, 2024. "Experimental study on the performance of a high compression ratio SI engine using alcohol/ammonia fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    5. Devkota, Sijan & Cha, Jin-Young & Shin, Beom-Ju & Mun, Ji-Hun & Yoon, Hyung Chul & Mazari, Shaukat Ali & Moon, Jong-Ho, 2024. "Techno-economic and environmental assessment of hydrogen production through ammonia decomposition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    6. Ryu, Kyunghyun & Zacharakis-Jutz, George E. & Kong, Song-Charng, 2014. "Performance characteristics of compression-ignition engine using high concentration of ammonia mixed with dimethyl ether," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 488-499.
    7. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Lei, Nuo & Qi, Yunliang & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Impact of ammonia addition on knock resistance and combustion performance in a gasoline engine with high compression ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    8. Fan, Qinhao & Liu, Shang & Qi, Yunliang & Cai, Kaiyuan & Wang, Zhi, 2021. "Investigation into ethanol effects on combustion and particle number emissions in a spark-ignition to compression-ignition (SICI) engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    9. Li, Shiyuan & Xu, Mingxin & Jia, Lufei & Tan, Li & Lu, Qinggang, 2016. "Influence of operating parameters on N2O emission in O2/CO2 combustion with high oxygen concentration in circulating fluidized bed," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 197-209.
    10. Lyu, Liqun & Wang, Junfang & Yin, Hang & Ji, Zhongrui & Tan, Jianwei & Hao, Lijun & Ge, Yunshan, 2024. "Accelerated aging for after-treatment devices of diesel engine: Method, emission characteristics, and equivalence," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    11. Zhou, Dezhi & Yang, Wenming & Zhao, Feiyang & Li, Jing, 2017. "Dual-fuel RCCI engine combustion modeling with detailed chemistry considering flame propagation in partially premixed combustion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 164-176.
    12. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Fan, Qinhao & Lei, Nuo & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Experimental study on combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in a high compression ratio SI engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    13. Wang, Shuofeng & Ji, Changwei & Zhang, Bo & Liu, Xiaolong, 2014. "Lean burn performance of a hydrogen-blended gasoline engine at the wide open throttle condition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 43-50.
    14. Gong, Changming & Yi, Lin & Zhang, Zilei & Sun, Jingzhen & Liu, Fenghua, 2020. "Assessment of ultra-lean burn characteristics for a stratified-charge direct-injection spark-ignition methanol engine under different high compression ratios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    15. Sánchez, Antonio & Castellano, Elena & Martín, Mariano & Vega, Pastora, 2021. "Evaluating ammonia as green fuel for power generation: A thermo-chemical perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    16. Gong, Changming & Li, Zhaohui & Sun, Jingzhen & Liu, Fenghua, 2020. "Evaluation on combustion and lean-burn limitof a medium compression ratio hydrogen/methanol dual-injection spark-ignition engine under methanol late-injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    17. Ryu, Kyunghyun & Zacharakis-Jutz, George E. & Kong, Song-Charng, 2014. "Effects of gaseous ammonia direct injection on performance characteristics of a spark-ignition engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 206-215.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Lei, Nuo & Qi, Yunliang & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Impact of ammonia addition on knock resistance and combustion performance in a gasoline engine with high compression ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    2. Gong, Changming & Li, Dong & Liu, Jiajun & Liu, Fenghua, 2024. "Computational study of excess air ratio impacts on performances of a spark-ignition H2/methanol dual-injection engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    3. Schröder, Lukas & Hillenbrand, Thomas & Brüggemann, Dieter, 2024. "Evaluation of the combustion process of directly injected methane in a rapid compression machine with a laser-based ignition system and an electrical ignition system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    4. Kumar, T. Sathish & Ashok, B., 2021. "Critical review on combustion phenomena of low carbon alcohols in SI engine with its challenges and future directions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    5. Zhang, Hao & Lei, Nuo & Wang, Zhi, 2024. "Ammonia-hydrogen propulsion system for carbon-free heavy-duty vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 369(C).
    6. Jiang, Yankun & Chen, Yexin & Xie, Man, 2022. "Effects of blending dissociated methanol gas with the fuel in gasoline engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    7. Gong, Changming & Li, Dong & Liu, Jiajun & Liu, Fenghua, 2024. "Numerical evaluation of ignition timing influences on performance of a stratified-charge H2/methanol dual-injection automobile engine under lean-burn condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    8. Li, Jun & Huang, Hongyu & Kobayashi, Noriyuki & He, Zhaohong & Osaka, Yugo & Zeng, Tao, 2015. "Numerical study on effect of oxygen content in combustion air on ammonia combustion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 2053-2068.
    9. Bo Zhang & Huaiyu Wang & Shuofeng Wang, 2023. "Computational Investigation of Combustion, Performance, and Emissions of a Diesel-Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    10. Shi, Cheng & Zhang, Zheng & Wang, Huaiyu & Wang, Jingyi & Cheng, Tengfei & Zhang, Liang, 2024. "Parametric analysis and optimization of the combustion process and pollutant performance for ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    11. Lin, Zhelong & Liu, Shang & Qi, Yunliang & Chen, Qingchu & Wang, Zhi, 2024. "Experimental study on the performance of a high compression ratio SI engine using alcohol/ammonia fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    12. Guo, Liang & Yu, Changyou & Sun, Wanchen & Zhang, Hao & Cheng, Peng & Yan, Yuying & Lin, Shaodian & Zeng, Wenpeng & Zhu, Genan & Jiang, Mengqi, 2024. "Study on effects of ethylene or acetylene addition on the stability of ammonia laminar diffusion flame by optical diagnostics and chemical kinetics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    13. Wei, Jiangjun & He, Chengjun & Lv, Gang & Zhuang, Yuan & Qian, Yejian & Pan, Suozhu, 2021. "The combustion, performance and emissions investigation of a dual-fuel diesel engine using silicon dioxide nanoparticle additives to methanol," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    14. Lianmei Guo & Jianjun Zhu & Laibin Fu & Zhixin Li & Fanfan Liu & Zilin Wang & Xiangyang Liu & Qinqiang Dong, 2023. "Effects of Pre-Injection Strategy on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Mode," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-16, November.
    15. Wang, Shuofeng & Sun, Yu & Yang, Jinxin & Wang, Huaiyu, 2024. "Effect of excess air ratio and ignition timing on the combustion and emission characteristics of the ammonia-hydrogen Wankel rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    16. Rafael Estevez & Francisco J. López-Tenllado & Laura Aguado-Deblas & Felipa M. Bautista & Antonio A. Romero & Diego Luna, 2023. "Current Research on Green Ammonia (NH 3 ) as a Potential Vector Energy for Power Storage and Engine Fuels: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-33, July.
    17. Tay, Kun Lin & Yang, Wenming & Li, Jing & Zhou, Dezhi & Yu, Wenbin & Zhao, Feiyang & Chou, Siaw Kiang & Mohan, Balaji, 2017. "Numerical investigation on the combustion and emissions of a kerosene-diesel fueled compression ignition engine assisted by ammonia fumigation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1476-1488.
    18. Ezzat, M.F & Dincer, I., 2018. "Development and assessment of a new hybrid vehicle with ammonia and hydrogen," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 226-239.
    19. Fengshuo He & Xiumin Yu & Yaodong Du & Zhen Shang & Zezhou Guo & Guanting Li & Decheng Li, 2019. "Inner Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction Strategy for Nitrogen Oxides Abatement: Investigation of Ammonia Aqueous Solution Direct Injection with an SI Engine Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-18, July.
    20. Gao, Jianbing & Zhang, Huijie & Li, Juxia & Wang, Yufeng & Tian, Guohong & Ma, Chaochen & Wang, Xiaochen, 2022. "Simulation on the effect of compression ratios on the performance of a hydrogen fueled opposed rotary piston engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 428-439.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:369:y:2024:i:c:s0306261924009218. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.