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Ethanol blends in spark ignition engines: RON, octane-added value, cooling effect, compression ratio, and potential engine efficiency gain

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  • Wang, Chongming
  • Zeraati-Rezaei, Soheil
  • Xiang, Liming
  • Xu, Hongming

Abstract

Identifying a sustainable, practical and low-emission energy supply for modern transportation has always been a challenge for energy and automotive researchers. While electrification of the vehicle powertrain is a promising long-term energy supply solution, bio-ethanol is currently playing an important role as a short- and mid-term solution for the popular spark ignition (SI) engine. The questions of how to use ethanol more effectively as an octane booster, how much potential engine thermal efficiency gain can be achieved by using ethanol blends and what their impacts on the vehicle mileage range are have become highly relevant. In this paper, a critical review and discussion regarding these questions is provided. Firstly, studies regarding octane rating and octane index of gasoline fuels, and K value (a scaling factor for calculating octane index) for various SI engines are reviewed. Then, a review of the research octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON) and octane sensitivity for ethanol blends is reported. Three established models for predicting RON of ethanol blends are reviewed and compared. In addition, a simple RON prediction model proposed by the authors of this paper is provided. Parameters such as octane value and octane-added index (OAI) are proposed to describe the effectiveness of using ethanol as an octane booster. It is found that there exits an optimised ethanol blend ratio that gives the maximum octane value; and this optimised blend ratio is insensitive to the octane rating of the base gasoline. Secondly, the charge cooling effect of ethanol blends and its corresponding equivalent octane number are discussed and reviewed. Thirdly, engine thermal efficiency improvement due to increased compression ratios, which results from the octane index gain achieved by using ethanol blends, is reviewed. Finally, a discussion about the impact of ethanol blends on the vehicle mileage range is presented. The lower heating value of ethanol is about 33% lower than that of typical gasoline, leading to a reduction in the mileage range of the vehicle, however, improved engine thermal efficiency achieved by using ethanol blends can partially, or even fully, offset the negative impact of the lower calorific value on the mileage range.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Chongming & Zeraati-Rezaei, Soheil & Xiang, Liming & Xu, Hongming, 2017. "Ethanol blends in spark ignition engines: RON, octane-added value, cooling effect, compression ratio, and potential engine efficiency gain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 603-619.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:191:y:2017:i:c:p:603-619
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.081
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    4. Ran, Zhongnan & Hariharan, Deivanayagam & Lawler, Benjamin & Mamalis, Sotirios, 2020. "Exploring the potential of ethanol, CNG, and syngas as fuels for lean spark-ignition combustion - An experimental study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    5. Jihwan Jang & Jonghui Choi & Hoseung Yi & Sungwook Park, 2020. "Effects of the Bore to Stroke Ratio on Combustion, Gaseous and Particulate Emissions in a Small Port Fuel Injection Engine Fueled with Ethanol Blended Gasoline," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-15, January.
    6. Liu, Haoye & Wang, Chongming & Yu, Yusong & Xu, Hongming & Ma, Xiao, 2020. "An experimental study on particle evolution in the exhaust gas of a direct injection SI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    7. Eckert, Jony Javorski & Silva, Fabrício L. & da Silva, Samuel Filgueira & Bueno, André Valente & de Oliveira, Mona Lisa Moura & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2022. "Optimal design and power management control of hybrid biofuel–electric powertrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    8. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Fan, Qinhao & Lei, Nuo & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Experimental study on combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in a high compression ratio SI engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    9. Bao, Xiuchao & Sahu, Amrit & Jiang, Yizhaou & Badawy, Tawfik & Xu, Hongming, 2019. "Flame kernel evolution and shock wave propagation with laser ignition in ethanol-air mixtures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233, pages 86-98.
    10. Sathish Kumar, T. & Ashok, B. & Saravanan, B., 2023. "Calibration of flex-fuel operating parameters using grey relational analysis to enhance the output characteristics of ethanol powered direct injection SI engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    11. Milovanoff, Alexandre & Posen, I. Daniel & Saville, Bradley A. & MacLean, Heather L., 2020. "Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas implications of mid-level ethanol blend deployment in Canada's light-duty fleet," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    12. Zhang, Hao & Liu, Shang & Lei, Nuo & Fan, Qinhao & Wang, Zhi, 2022. "Leveraging the benefits of ethanol-fueled advanced combustion and supervisory control optimization in hybrid biofuel-electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    13. Zhenbin Chen & Jiaojun Deng & Haisheng Zhen & Chenyu Wang & Li Wang, 2022. "Experimental Investigation of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline on Engine Noise, Cyclic Variations and Combustion Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-17, February.
    14. Fagundez, J.L.S. & Lanzanova, T.D.M. & Martins, M.E.S. & Salau, N.P.G., 2020. "Joint use of artificial neural networks and particle swarm optimization to determine optimal performance of an ethanol SI engine operating with negative valve overlap strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    15. Fan, Qinhao & Liu, Shang & Qi, Yunliang & Cai, Kaiyuan & Wang, Zhi, 2021. "Investigation into ethanol effects on combustion and particle number emissions in a spark-ignition to compression-ignition (SICI) engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    16. Morganti, Kai & Al-Abdullah, Marwan & Alzubail, Abdullah & Kalghatgi, Gautam & Viollet, Yoann & Head, Robert & Khan, Ahmad & Abdul-Manan, Amir, 2017. "Synergistic engine-fuel technologies for light-duty vehicles: Fuel economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 1538-1561.
    17. Kumar, T. Sathish & Ashok, B., 2021. "Critical review on combustion phenomena of low carbon alcohols in SI engine with its challenges and future directions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    18. Duan, Xiongbo & Liu, Jingping & Tan, Yonghao & Luo, Baojun & Guo, Genmiao & Wu, Zhenkuo & Liu, Weiqiang & Li, Yangyang, 2018. "Influence of single injection and two-stagnation injection strategy on thermodynamic process and performance of a turbocharged direct-injection spark-ignition engine fuelled with ethanol and gasoline ," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 942-953.

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