IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v204y2017icp1172-1187.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Organic Rankine cycle design and performance comparison based on experimental database

Author

Listed:
  • Landelle, Arnaud
  • Tauveron, Nicolas
  • Haberschill, Philippe
  • Revellin, Rémi
  • Colasson, Stéphane

Abstract

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a technology commonly used for low-grade thermal energy conversion in electricity. This technology is mature for large power scale and last research focused on small scale units for domestic or onboard applications. This paper presents an extensive open-access database of more than 100 ORC experiments collected from about 175 scientific literature references. Data harmonization and database frame are presented. Clear and consistent components and ORC performance criteria are proposed and applied to the data set of various ORC. An overview of the ORC experimental state-of-the-art is displayed and major trends are drawn. Efficiency of key components such as expanders and pumps are analyzed and used for ORC parametric optimization case study. Correlations of some parameters with ORC performances are statistically investigated, performance improvement of novel fluid or cycles is evaluated.

Suggested Citation

  • Landelle, Arnaud & Tauveron, Nicolas & Haberschill, Philippe & Revellin, Rémi & Colasson, Stéphane, 2017. "Organic Rankine cycle design and performance comparison based on experimental database," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1172-1187.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:204:y:2017:i:c:p:1172-1187
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.012
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261917303884
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.012?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Desideri, Adriano & Gusev, Sergei & van den Broek, Martijn & Lemort, Vincent & Quoilin, Sylvain, 2016. "Experimental comparison of organic fluids for low temperature ORC (organic Rankine cycle) systems for waste heat recovery applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 460-469.
    2. Hao Liu & Guoquan Qiu & Yingjuan Shao & Ferdinand Daminabo & Saffa B. Riffat, 2010. "Preliminary experimental investigations of a biomass-fired micro-scale CHP with organic Rankine cycle-super-†," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 5(2), pages 81-87, January.
    3. Ziviani, Davide & Beyene, Asfaw & Venturini, Mauro, 2014. "Advances and challenges in ORC systems modeling for low grade thermal energy recovery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 79-95.
    4. Kane, M. & Larrain, D. & Favrat, D. & Allani, Y., 2003. "Small hybrid solar power system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(14), pages 1427-1443.
    5. Bamorovat Abadi, Gholamreza & Yun, Eunkoo & Kim, Kyung Chun, 2015. "Experimental study of a 1 kw organic Rankine cycle with a zeotropic mixture of R245fa/R134a," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 2363-2373.
    6. Maraver, Daniel & Royo, Javier & Lemort, Vincent & Quoilin, Sylvain, 2014. "Systematic optimization of subcritical and transcritical organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) constrained by technical parameters in multiple applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 11-29.
    7. Gao, P. & Wang, L.W. & Wang, R.Z. & Jiang, L. & Zhou, Z.S., 2015. "Experimental investigation on a small pumpless ORC (organic rankine cycle) system driven by the low temperature heat source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 324-333.
    8. F. Tchanche, Bertrand & Pétrissans, M. & Papadakis, G., 2014. "Heat resources and organic Rankine cycle machines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 1185-1199.
    9. Badr, O. & Probert, S.D. & O'Callaghan, P., 1985. "Performances of multi-vane expanders," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 207-234.
    10. Zheng, N. & Zhao, L. & Wang, X.D. & Tan, Y.T., 2013. "Experimental verification of a rolling-piston expander that applied for low-temperature Organic Rankine Cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1265-1274.
    11. Lee, Yuh-Ren & Kuo, Chi-Ron & Wang, Chi-Chuan, 2012. "Transient response of a 50 kW organic Rankine cycle system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 532-538.
    12. Zhou, Naijun & Wang, Xiaoyuan & Chen, Zhuo & Wang, Zhiqi, 2013. "Experimental study on Organic Rankine Cycle for waste heat recovery from low-temperature flue gas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 216-225.
    13. Jung, Hyung-Chul & Taylor, Leighton & Krumdieck, Susan, 2015. "An experimental and modelling study of a 1 kW organic Rankine cycle unit with mixture working fluid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 601-614.
    14. Pei, Gang & Li, Jing & Li, Yunzhu & Wang, Dongyue & Ji, Jie, 2011. "Construction and dynamic test of a small-scale organic rankine cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3215-3223.
    15. Larjola, J., 1995. "Electricity from industrial waste heat using high-speed organic Rankine cycle (ORC)," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(1-3), pages 227-235, October.
    16. Muhyiddine Jradi & Jinxing Li & Hao Liu & Saffa Riffat, 2014. "Micro-scale ORC-based combined heat and power system using a novel scroll expander," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 9(2), pages 91-99.
    17. Borsukiewicz-Gozdur, Aleksandra, 2013. "Exergy analysis for maximizing power of organic Rankine cycle power plant driven by open type energy source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 73-81.
    18. Suresh Baral & Dokyun Kim & Eunkoo Yun & Kyung Chun Kim, 2015. "Energy, Exergy and Performance Analysis of Small-Scale Organic Rankine Cycle Systems for Electrical Power Generation Applicable in Rural Areas of Developing Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-30, January.
    19. Declaye, Sébastien & Quoilin, Sylvain & Guillaume, Ludovic & Lemort, Vincent, 2013. "Experimental study on an open-drive scroll expander integrated into an ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) system with R245fa as working fluid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 173-183.
    20. Eyerer, Sebastian & Wieland, Christoph & Vandersickel, Annelies & Spliethoff, Hartmut, 2016. "Experimental study of an ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) and analysis of R1233zd-E as a drop-in replacement for R245fa for low temperature heat utilization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 660-671.
    21. Lei, Biao & Wang, Wei & Wu, Yu-Ting & Ma, Chong-Fang & Wang, Jing-Fu & Zhang, Lei & Li, Chuang & Zhao, Ying-Kun & Zhi, Rui-Ping, 2016. "Development and experimental study on a single screw expander integrated into an Organic Rankine Cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(P1), pages 43-52.
    22. Bao, Junjiang & Zhao, Li, 2013. "A review of working fluid and expander selections for organic Rankine cycle," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 325-342.
    23. Imran, Muhammad & Usman, Muhammad & Park, Byung-Sik & Lee, Dong-Hyun, 2016. "Volumetric expanders for low grade heat and waste heat recovery applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1090-1109.
    24. Yun, Eunkoo & Kim, Dokyun & Yoon, Sang Youl & Kim, Kyung Chun, 2015. "Experimental investigation of an organic Rankine cycle with multiple expanders used in parallel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 246-254.
    25. Yang, Xufei & Xu, Jinliang & Miao, Zheng & Zou, Jinghuang & Qi, Fengliang, 2016. "The definition of non-dimensional integration temperature difference and its effect on organic Rankine cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 17-33.
    26. Wang, Jiangfeng & Dai, Yiping & Gao, Lin, 2009. "Exergy analyses and parametric optimizations for different cogeneration power plants in cement industry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(6), pages 941-948, June.
    27. Kosmadakis, George & Landelle, Arnaud & Lazova, Marija & Manolakos, Dimitris & Kaya, Alihan & Huisseune, Henk & Karavas, Christos-Spyridon & Tauveron, Nicolas & Revellin, Remi & Haberschill, Philippe , 2016. "Experimental testing of a low-temperature organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine coupled with concentrating PV/thermal collectors: Laboratory and field tests," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(P1), pages 222-236.
    28. Yamamoto, Takahisa & Furuhata, Tomohiko & Arai, Norio & Mori, Koichi, 2001. "Design and testing of the Organic Rankine Cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 239-251.
    29. Zhu, Jie & Chen, Ziwei & Huang, Hulin & Yan, Yuying, 2016. "Effect of resistive load on the performance of an organic Rankine cycle with a scroll expander," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 21-28.
    30. Jradi, M. & Riffat, S., 2014. "Experimental investigation of a biomass-fuelled micro-scale tri-generation system with an organic Rankine cycle and liquid desiccant cooling unit," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 80-93.
    31. Yuh-Ren Lee & Chi-Ron Kuo & Chih-Hsi Liu & Ben-Ran Fu & Jui-Ching Hsieh & Chi-Chuan Wang, 2014. "Dynamic Response of a 50 kW Organic Rankine Cycle System in Association with Evaporators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-13, April.
    32. Chen, Huijuan & Goswami, D. Yogi & Stefanakos, Elias K., 2010. "A review of thermodynamic cycles and working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 3059-3067, December.
    33. Yamada, Noboru & Tominaga, Yoshihito & Yoshida, Takanori, 2014. "Demonstration of 10-Wp micro organic Rankine cycle generator for low-grade heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 806-813.
    34. Kang, Seok Hun, 2016. "Design and preliminary tests of ORC (organic Rankine cycle) with two-stage radial turbine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 142-154.
    35. Bracco, Roberto & Clemente, Stefano & Micheli, Diego & Reini, Mauro, 2013. "Experimental tests and modelization of a domestic-scale ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 107-116.
    36. Cho, Soo-Yong & Cho, Chong-Hyun, 2015. "An experimental study on the organic Rankine cycle to determine as to how efficiently utilize fluctuating thermal energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 73-79.
    37. Vélez, Fredy & Segovia, José J. & Martín, M. Carmen & Antolín, Gregorio & Chejne, Farid & Quijano, Ana, 2012. "A technical, economical and market review of organic Rankine cycles for the conversion of low-grade heat for power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(6), pages 4175-4189.
    38. Lee, Duen-Sheng & Hung, Tzu-Chen & Lin, Jaw-Ren & Zhao, Jun, 2015. "Experimental investigations on solar chimney for optimal heat collection to be utilized in organic Rankine cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 651-662.
    39. Wang, Hailei & Peterson, Richard & Harada, Kevin & Miller, Erik & Ingram-Goble, Robbie & Fisher, Luke & Yih, James & Ward, Chris, 2011. "Performance of a combined organic Rankine cycle and vapor compression cycle for heat activated cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 447-458.
    40. Tang, Hao & Wu, Huagen & Wang, Xiaolin & Xing, Ziwen, 2015. "Performance study of a twin-screw expander used in a geothermal organic Rankine cycle power generator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 631-642.
    41. Lecompte, Steven & Huisseune, Henk & van den Broek, Martijn & Vanslambrouck, Bruno & De Paepe, Michel, 2015. "Review of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) architectures for waste heat recovery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 448-461.
    42. Galloni, E. & Fontana, G. & Staccone, S., 2015. "Design and experimental analysis of a mini ORC (organic Rankine cycle) power plant based on R245fa working fluid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 768-775.
    43. Peris, Bernardo & Navarro-Esbrí, Joaquín & Molés, Francisco & Mota-Babiloni, Adrián, 2015. "Experimental study of an ORC (organic Rankine cycle) for low grade waste heat recovery in a ceramic industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 534-542.
    44. Piotr Kolasiński & Przemysław Błasiak & Józef Rak, 2016. "Experimental and Numerical Analyses on the Rotary Vane Expander Operating Conditions in a Micro Organic Rankine Cycle System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-15, August.
    45. Zhang, Ye-Qiang & Wu, Yu-Ting & Xia, Guo-Dong & Ma, Chong-Fang & Ji, Wei-Ning & Liu, Shan-Wei & Yang, Kai & Yang, Fu-Bin, 2014. "Development and experimental study on organic Rankine cycle system with single-screw expander for waste heat recovery from exhaust of diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 499-508.
    46. Peris, Bernardo & Navarro-Esbrí, Joaquín & Molés, Francisco & González, Manuel & Mota-Babiloni, Adrián, 2015. "Experimental characterization of an ORC (organic Rankine cycle) for power and CHP (combined heat and power) applications from low grade heat sources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 269-276.
    47. Bamorovat Abadi, Gholamreza & Kim, Kyung Chun, 2017. "Investigation of organic Rankine cycles with zeotropic mixtures as a working fluid: Advantages and issues," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1000-1013.
    48. Cho, Soo-Yong & Cho, Chong-Hyun & Choi, Sang-Kyu, 2015. "Experiment and cycle analysis on a partially admitted axial-type turbine used in the organic Rankine cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 643-651.
    49. Guillaume, Ludovic & Legros, Arnaud & Desideri, Adriano & Lemort, Vincent, 2017. "Performance of a radial-inflow turbine integrated in an ORC system and designed for a WHR on truck application: An experimental comparison between R245fa and R1233zd," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P3), pages 408-422.
    50. Kang, Seok Hun, 2012. "Design and experimental study of ORC (organic Rankine cycle) and radial turbine using R245fa working fluid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 514-524.
    51. Li, Jing & Pei, Gang & Li, Yunzhu & Wang, Dongyue & Ji, Jie, 2012. "Energetic and exergetic investigation of an organic Rankine cycle at different heat source temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 85-95.
    52. Quoilin, Sylvain & Lemort, Vincent & Lebrun, Jean, 2010. "Experimental study and modeling of an Organic Rankine Cycle using scroll expander," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(4), pages 1260-1268, April.
    53. Manolakos, D. & Kosmadakis, G. & Kyritsis, S. & Papadakis, G., 2009. "Identification of behaviour and evaluation of performance of small scale, low-temperature Organic Rankine Cycle system coupled with a RO desalination unit," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 767-774.
    54. Suresh Baral & Kyung Chun Kim, 2015. "Stand-Alone Solar Organic Rankine Cycle Water Pumping System and Its Economic Viability in Nepal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-18, December.
    55. Quoilin, Sylvain & Broek, Martijn Van Den & Declaye, Sébastien & Dewallef, Pierre & Lemort, Vincent, 2013. "Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 168-186.
    56. Sung-Wei Hsu & Hsiao-Wei D. Chiang & Chih-Wei Yen, 2014. "Experimental Investigation of the Performance of a Hermetic Screw-Expander Organic Rankine Cycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(9), pages 1-14, September.
    57. Di Battista, D. & Mauriello, M. & Cipollone, R., 2015. "Waste heat recovery of an ORC-based power unit in a turbocharged diesel engine propelling a light duty vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 109-120.
    58. Li, Maoqing & Wang, Jiangfeng & He, Weifeng & Gao, Lin & Wang, Bo & Ma, Shaolin & Dai, Yiping, 2013. "Construction and preliminary test of a low-temperature regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) using R123," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 216-222.
    59. Yang, Xufei & Xu, Jinliang & Miao, Zheng & Zou, Jinghuang & Yu, Chao, 2015. "Operation of an organic Rankine cycle dependent on pumping flow rates and expander torques," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 864-878.
    60. Yamada, Noboru & Watanabe, Masataka & Hoshi, Akira, 2013. "Experiment on pumpless Rankine-type cycle with scroll expander," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 137-145.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kang, Seok Hun, 2016. "Design and preliminary tests of ORC (organic Rankine cycle) with two-stage radial turbine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 142-154.
    2. Feng, Yong-qiang & Hung, Tzu-Chen & Su, Ting-Ying & Wang, Shuang & Wang, Qian & Yang, Shih-Cheng & Lin, Jaw-Ren & Lin, Chih-Hung, 2017. "Experimental investigation of a R245fa-based organic Rankine cycle adapting two operation strategies: Stand alone and grid connect," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1239-1253.
    3. Imran, Muhammad & Usman, Muhammad & Park, Byung-Sik & Lee, Dong-Hyun, 2016. "Volumetric expanders for low grade heat and waste heat recovery applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1090-1109.
    4. Fuhaid Alshammari & Apostolos Karvountzis-Kontakiotis & Apostolos Pesyridis & Muhammad Usman, 2018. "Expander Technologies for Automotive Engine Organic Rankine Cycle Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-36, July.
    5. Li, Jing & Gao, Guangtao & Li, Pengcheng & Pei, Gang & Huang, Hulin & Su, Yuehong & Ji, Jie, 2018. "Experimental study of organic Rankine cycle in the presence of non-condensable gases," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 739-753.
    6. Braimakis, Konstantinos & Karellas, Sotirios, 2017. "Integrated thermoeconomic optimization of standard and regenerative ORC for different heat source types and capacities," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 570-598.
    7. Bamorovat Abadi, Gholamreza & Kim, Kyung Chun, 2017. "Investigation of organic Rankine cycles with zeotropic mixtures as a working fluid: Advantages and issues," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1000-1013.
    8. Yamada, Noboru & Tominaga, Yoshihito & Yoshida, Takanori, 2014. "Demonstration of 10-Wp micro organic Rankine cycle generator for low-grade heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 806-813.
    9. Zhang, Hong-Hu & Xi, Huan & He, Ya-Ling & Zhang, Yu-Wen & Ning, Bo, 2019. "Experimental study of the organic rankine cycle under different heat and cooling conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 678-688.
    10. Mascuch, Jakub & Novotny, Vaclav & Vodicka, Vaclav & Spale, Jan & Zeleny, Zbynek, 2020. "Experimental development of a kilowatt-scale biomass fired micro – CHP unit based on ORC with rotary vane expander," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P3), pages 2882-2895.
    11. Yang, Xufei & Xu, Jinliang & Miao, Zheng & Zou, Jinghuang & Yu, Chao, 2015. "Operation of an organic Rankine cycle dependent on pumping flow rates and expander torques," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 864-878.
    12. Peris, Bernardo & Navarro-Esbrí, Joaquín & Molés, Francisco & Mota-Babiloni, Adrián, 2015. "Experimental study of an ORC (organic Rankine cycle) for low grade waste heat recovery in a ceramic industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 534-542.
    13. Liu, Liuchen & Zhu, Tong & Wang, Tiantian & Gao, Naiping, 2019. "Experimental investigation on the effect of working fluid charge in a small-scale Organic Rankine Cycle under off-design conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 664-677.
    14. Peris, Bernardo & Navarro-Esbrí, Joaquín & Molés, Francisco & González, Manuel & Mota-Babiloni, Adrián, 2015. "Experimental characterization of an ORC (organic Rankine cycle) for power and CHP (combined heat and power) applications from low grade heat sources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 269-276.
    15. Varma, G.V. Pradeep & Srinivas, T., 2017. "Power generation from low temperature heat recovery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 402-414.
    16. Ziviani, Davide & Beyene, Asfaw & Venturini, Mauro, 2014. "Advances and challenges in ORC systems modeling for low grade thermal energy recovery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 79-95.
    17. Song, Panpan & Wei, Mingshan & Zhang, Yangjun & Sun, Liwei & Emhardt, Simon & Zhuge, Weilin, 2018. "The impact of a bilateral symmetric discharge structure on the performance of a scroll expander for ORC power generation system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 458-470.
    18. Hoang, Anh Tuan, 2018. "Waste heat recovery from diesel engines based on Organic Rankine Cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 138-166.
    19. Lorenzo Tocci & Tamas Pal & Ioannis Pesmazoglou & Benjamin Franchetti, 2017. "Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC): A Techno-Economic Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-26, March.
    20. Imran, Muhammad & Haglind, Fredrik & Asim, Muhammad & Zeb Alvi, Jahan, 2018. "Recent research trends in organic Rankine cycle technology: A bibliometric approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 552-562.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:204:y:2017:i:c:p:1172-1187. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.