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Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders?
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Cited by:
- Draca, Mirko & Garred, Jason & Stickland, Leanne & Warrinnier, Nele, 2018.
"On Target? The Incidence of Sanctions Across Listed Firms in Iran,"
CAGE Online Working Paper Series
372, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
- Draca, Mirko & Garred, Jason & Stickland, Leanne & Warrinnier, Nele, 2022. "On Target? The Incidence of Sanctions Across Listed Firms in Iran," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1400, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
- Mirko Draca & Jason Garred & Leanne Stickland & Nele Warrinnier, 2019. "On target? The incidence of sanctions across listed firms in Iran," Working Papers of Department of Management, Strategy and Innovation, Leuven 648954, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), Department of Management, Strategy and Innovation, Leuven.
- Draca, Mirko & Garred, Jason & Stickland. Leanne & Warrinnier, Nele, 2019. "On Target? The Incidence of Sanctions Across Listed Firms in Iran," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1217, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
- Mirko Draca & Jason Garred & Leanne Stickland & Nele Warrinnier, 2019. "On target? The incidence of sanctions across listed firms in Iran," Working Papers of LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance 648954, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance.
- Mirko Draca & Jason Garred & Leanne Stickland & Nele Warrinnier, 2019. "On Target? The Incidence of Sanctions Across Listed Firms in Iran," Working Papers 1903E, University of Ottawa, Department of Economics.
- Cornelius Christian, 2017. "Elites, Weather Shocks, And Witchcraft Trials In Scotland," Working Papers 1704, Brock University, Department of Economics.
- Seitz, William & Presbitero, Andrea & Zazzaro, Alberto, 2017. "Sanctions and public opinion : the case of the Russia-Ukraine gas disputes," IDE Discussion Papers 652, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
- Kevin Williams, 2021. "Do International Sanctions Reduce Household and Government Consumption in Developing Countries?," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 89(2), pages 196-217, June.
- Carlo de Bassa & Edoardo Grillo & Francesco Passarelli, 2021. "Sanctions and incentives to repudiate external debt," Journal of Theoretical Politics, , vol. 33(2), pages 198-224, April.
- Moghaddasi Kelishomi, Ali & Nisticò, Roberto, 2022.
"Employment effects of economic sanctions in Iran,"
World Development, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
- Kelishomi, Ali Moghaddasi & Nistico, Roberto, 2021. "Employment Effects of Economic Sanctions in Iran," IZA Discussion Papers 14814, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Gold, Robert & Hinz, Julian & Valsecchi, Michele, 2023.
"To Russia with love? The impact of sanctions on regime support,"
Kiel Working Papers
2212, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
- Robert Gold & Julian Hinz & Michele Valsecchi, 2024. "To Russia with Love? The Impact of Sanctions on Regime Support," CESifo Working Paper Series 11033, CESifo.
- Thiemo Fetzer & Carlo Schwarz, 2021.
"Tariffs and Politics: Evidence from Trump’s Trade Wars,"
The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 131(636), pages 1717-1741.
- Fetzer, Thiemo & Schwarz, Carlo, 2019. "Tariffs and Politics: Evidence from Trump’s Trade Wars," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1227, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
- Thiemo René Fetzer & Carlo Schwarz & Thiemo Fetzer, 2019. "Tariffs and politics: evidence from Trump's trade wars," CESifo Working Paper Series 7553, CESifo.
- Fetzer, Thiemo & Schwarz, Carlo, 2019. "Tariffs and Politics: Evidence from Trump's Trade Wars," CEPR Discussion Papers 13579, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Fetzer, Thiemo & Schwarz, Carlo, 2019. "Tariffs and Politics: Evidence from Trump’s Trade Wars," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 407, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
- Chen, Mo & Xue, Wei-Xian & Zhao, Xin-Xin & Chang, Chun-Ping & Liu, Xiaoxia, 2024. "The impact of economic sanctions on the COVID-19 pandemic," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 163-174.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2024.
"Do China and Russia undermine Western sanctions? Evidence from DiD and event study estimation,"
Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 132-160, February.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2022. "Do China and Russia Undermine US Sanctions? Evidence from DiD and Event Study Estimation," Research Papers in Economics 2022-08, University of Trier, Department of Economics.
- Gutmann, Jerg & Neuenkirch, Matthias & Neumeier, Florian, 2022. "Do China and Russia Undermine US Sanctions? Evidence from DiD and Event Study Estimation," ILE Working Paper Series 64, University of Hamburg, Institute of Law and Economics.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2022. "Do China and Russia Undermine US Sanctions? Evidence from DiD and Event Study Estimation," CESifo Working Paper Series 10100, CESifo.
- Vincenzo Bove & Jessica Di Salvatore & Roberto Nisticò, 2023.
"Economic Sanctions and Trade Flows in the Neighborhood,"
Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 66(4), pages 671-697.
- Vincenzo Bove & Jessica Di Salvatore & Roberto Nisticò, 2021. "Economic sanctions and trade flows in the neighbourhood," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2021-184, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Bove, Vincenzo & Di Salvatore, Jessica & Nistico, Roberto, 2023. "Economic Sanctions and Trade Flows in the Neighbourhood," IZA Discussion Papers 15970, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Vincenzo Bove & Jessica Di Salvtore & Roberto Nisticò, 2023. "Economic Sanctions and Trade Flows in The Neighbourhood," CSEF Working Papers 669, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
- Blanca Moreno Dodson & Grégoire Rota-Graziosi & Clémence Vergne, 2012.
"Breaking the wave of democracy: The effect of foreign aid on the incumbent's re-election probability,"
Working Papers
halshs-00722375, HAL.
- Grégoire ROTA-GRAZIOSI & Clémence VERGNE & Blanca MORENO DODSON, 2012. "Breaking the wave of democracy: The effect of foreign aid on the incumbent’s re-election probability," Working Papers 201231, CERDI.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2024.
"Political Economy of International Sanctions,"
Research Papers in Economics
2024-07, University of Trier, Department of Economics.
- Gutmann, Jerg & Neuenkirch, Matthias & Neumeier, Florian, 2024. "Political economy of international sanctions," ILE Working Paper Series 81, University of Hamburg, Institute of Law and Economics.
- Coyne,Christopher J., 2020. "Defense, Peace, and War Economics," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781108724036.
- Gunitsky, Seva, 2014. "From Shocks to Waves: Hegemonic Transitions and Democratization in the Twentieth Century," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 68(3), pages 561-597, July.
- Aldunate, Felipe & Gonzalez, Felipe & Prem, Mounu, 2021.
"Make the Economy Scream? U.S. Banks and Foreign Firms During the Cold War,"
SocArXiv
bhwk7, Center for Open Science.
- Aldunate, Felipe & Gonzalez, Felipe & Prem, Mounu, 2022. "The Limits of Hegemony: Banks, Covert Actions, and Foreign Firms," IAST Working Papers 22-139, Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse (IAST).
- Aldunate, F & González, F & Prem, M, 2022. "The Limits of Hegemony: Banks, Covert Actions, and Foreign Firms," Documentos de Trabajo 20055, Universidad del Rosario.
- Aldunate, Felipe & Gonzalez, Felipe & Prem, Mounu, 2022. "The Limits of Hegemony: Banks, Covert Actions, and Foreign Firms," SocArXiv z8f4h, Center for Open Science.
- Felipe Aldunate & Felipe Gonzalez & Mounu Prem, 2023. "The limits of hegemony: U.S. banks and Chilean firms in the Cold War," Working Papers 952, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
- Ghodsi, Mahdi & Karamelikli, Huseyin, 2022.
"The Impact of Sanctions Imposed by the European Union against Iran on their Bilateral Trade: General versus Targeted Sanctions,"
World Trade Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 21(1), pages 33-58, February.
- Mahdi Ghodsi & Hüseyin Karamelikli, 2020. "The Impact of Sanctions Imposed by the European Union against Iran on their Bilateral Trade: General versus Targeted Sanctions," wiiw Working Papers 181, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
- Mirko Draca & Jason Garred & Leanne Stickland & Nele Warrinnier, 2023. "On Target? Sanctions and the Economic Interests of Elite Policymakers in Iran," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 133(649), pages 159-200.
- Tyler Kustra, 2022. "Sanctioning the Homeland: Diasporas’ Influence on American Economic Sanctions Policy," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 66(3), pages 443-472, April.
- von Soest, Christian & Wahman, Michael, 2013. "Sanctions and Democratization in the Post-Cold War Era," GIGA Working Papers 212, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
- repec:lic:licosd:41319 is not listed on IDEAS
- Dizaji, S.F. & Lis, P. & Murshed, S.M. & Zweiri, M., 2020. "What the political economy literature tells us about blockades and sanctions," ISS Working Papers - General Series 130655, International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS), The Hague.
- Michael C. Horowitz & Matthew Fuhrmann, 2018. "Studying Leaders and Military Conflict," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 62(10), pages 2072-2086, November.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2020.
"Precision-guided or blunt? The effects of US economic sanctions on human rights,"
Public Choice, Springer, vol. 185(1), pages 161-182, October.
- Gutmann, Jerg & Neuenkirch, Matthias & Neumeier, Florian, 2016. "Precision-Guided or Blunt? The Effects of US Economic Sanctions on Human Rights," ILE Working Paper Series 2, University of Hamburg, Institute of Law and Economics.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2016. "Precision-Guided or Blunt? The Effects of US Economic Sanctions on Human Rights," MAGKS Papers on Economics 201627, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung).
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2016. "Precision-Guided or Blunt? The Effects of US Economic Sanctions on Human Rights," Research Papers in Economics 2016-09, University of Trier, Department of Economics.
- Gutmann, Jerg & Neuenkirch, Matthias & Neumeier, Florian, 2019. "Precision-guided or blunt? The effects of US economic sanctions on human rights," Munich Reprints in Economics 78219, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2016. "Precision-Guided or Blunt? The Effects of US Economic Sanctions on Human Rights," ifo Working Paper Series 229, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
- Amanda A Licht, 2022. "Introducing Regular Turnover Details, 1960–2015: A dataset on world leaders’ legal removal from office," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 59(2), pages 277-285, March.
- Timothy M. Peterson, 2021. "Sanctions and Third-party Compliance with US Foreign Policy Preferences: An Analysis of Dual-use Trade," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 65(10), pages 1820-1846, November.
- Amanda A. Licht, 2010. "Coming into Money: The Impact of Foreign Aid on Leader Survival," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 54(1), pages 58-87, February.
- William Seitz & Alberto Zazzaro, 2020.
"Sanctions and public opinion: The case of the Russia-Ukraine gas disputes,"
The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 817-843, October.
- Seitz, William & Zazzaro, Alberto, 2019. "Sanctions and public opinion : the case of the Russia-Ukraine gas disputes," IDE Discussion Papers 762, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
- William Seitz & Alberto Zazzaro, 2019. "Sanctions and Public Opinion: The Case of the Russia-Ukraine Gas Disputes," CSEF Working Papers 529, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
- Igor Drapkin & Kirill Sidorov & Oleg Mariev, 2022. "The Effect of Sanctions on EU-Russia Trade: The Study for 2015 – 2019," Journal of Economics / Ekonomicky casopis, Institute of Economic Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, vol. 70(9-10), pages 743-767, August.
- Cullen Hendrix & Wendy Wong, 2014. "Knowing your audience: How the structure of international relations and organizational choices affect amnesty international’s advocacy," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 29-58, March.
- H.E. Goemans, 2008. "Which Way Out?," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 52(6), pages 771-794, December.
- Burke Paul J., 2012.
"Economic Growth and Political Survival,"
The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 12(1), pages 1-43, March.
- Paul J Burke, 2011. "Economic Growth and Political Survival," Departmental Working Papers 2011-06, The Australian National University, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics.
- Daniel McCormack & Henry Pascoe, 2017. "Sanctions and Preventive War," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 61(8), pages 1711-1739, September.
- Susan Hannah Allen, 2008. "The Domestic Political Costs of Economic Sanctions," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 52(6), pages 916-944, December.
- David Lektzian & Glen Biglaiser, 2014. "The effect of foreign direct investment on the use and success of US sanctions," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 31(1), pages 70-93, February.
- Roel Dom & Lionel Roger, 2018. "Economic sanctions and domestic debt: Burundi's fiscal response to the suspension of budget support," Discussion Papers 2018-12, University of Nottingham, CREDIT.
- von Soest, Christian & Wahman, Michael, 2013. "Are All Dictators Equal? The Selective Targeting of Democratic Sanctions against Authoritarian Regimes," GIGA Working Papers 230, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
- Kirill Chmel & Alexander Demin & Kirill Kazantcev, 2017. "Dictators’ Behavior Under Conditions of Economic Sanctions Cumulative Effect," HSE Working papers WP BRP 50/PS/2017, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
- Peeva, Aleksandra, 2019. "Did sanctions help Putin?," Discussion Papers 2019/7, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
- Syed Jaleel Hussain, 2022. "To Be or Not to Be: Great Power Dilemmas and the Iranian Nuclear Programme," Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, , vol. 9(1), pages 150-165, April.
- Szerman, Christiane, 2023. "The employee costs of corporate debarment in public procurement," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 125608, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- David Lektzian & Mark Souva, 2007. "An Institutional Theory of Sanctions Onset and Success," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 51(6), pages 848-871, December.
- Gutmann, Jerg & Neuenkirch, Matthias & Neumeier, Florian, 2023.
"The economic effects of international sanctions: An event study,"
Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(4), pages 1214-1231.
- Gutmann, Jerg & Neuenkirch, Matthias & Neumeier, Florian, 2021. "The Economic Effects of International Sanctions: An Event Study," ILE Working Paper Series 49, University of Hamburg, Institute of Law and Economics.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2021. "The Economic Effects of International Sanctions: An Event Study," Research Papers in Economics 2021-03, University of Trier, Department of Economics.
- Jerg Gutmann & Matthias Neuenkirch & Florian Neumeier, 2021. "The Economic Effects of International Sanctions: An Event Study," CESifo Working Paper Series 9007, CESifo.
- Cornelius Christian, 2019. "The Political and Economic Role of Elites in Persecution: Evidence from Witchcraft Trials in Early Modern Scotland," Review of Economics and Institutions, Università di Perugia, vol. 10(2).
- Oechslin, Manuel, 2014. "Targeting autocrats: Economic sanctions and regime change," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 24-40.
- Portela, Clara & Mora-Sanguinetti, Juan S., 2023. "Sanctions effectiveness, development and regime type. Are aid suspensions and economic sanctions alike?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
- Gutmann, Jerg & Langer, Pascal & Neuenkirch, Matthias, 2024.
"International sanctions and emigration,"
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
- Jerg Gutmann & Pascal Langer & Matthias Neuenkirch, 2023. "International Sanctions and Emigration," Research Papers in Economics 2023-11, University of Trier, Department of Economics.
- Jerg Gutmann & Pascal Langer & Matthias Neuenkirch, 2024. "International Sanctions and Emigration," CESifo Working Paper Series 10882, CESifo.
- Gutmann, Jerg & Langer, Pascal & Neuenkirch, Matthias, 2024. "International Sanctions and Emigration," ILE Working Paper Series 77, University of Hamburg, Institute of Law and Economics.
- Aldunate, Felipe & González, Felipe & Prem, Mounu, 2024.
"The limits of hegemony: U.S. banks and Chilean firms in the Cold War,"
Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
- Felipe Aldunate & Felipe Gonzalez & Mounu Prem, 2023. "The limits of hegemony: U.S. banks and Chilean firms in the Cold War," Working Papers 952, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
- Ali Moghaddasi Kelishomi & Roberto Nisticò, 2021. "Employment Effects of Economic Sanctions," CSEF Working Papers 615, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
- Johann Park & Valentina Bali, 2017. "International Terrorism and the Political Survival of Leaders," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 61(7), pages 1343-1370, August.
- Elena V McLean & Kaisa H Hinkkainen & Luis De la Calle & Navin A Bapat, 2018. "Economic sanctions and the dynamics of terrorist campaigns," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 35(4), pages 378-401, July.
- Timothy M. Peterson, 2014. "Taking the cue: The response to US human rights sanctions against third parties," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 31(2), pages 145-167, April.
- Hatipoglu, Emre & Soytas, Mehmet Ali & Belaïd, Fateh, 2023. "Environmental consequences of geopolitical crises: The case of economic sanctions and emissions," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
- Cornelius Christian, 2017. "Elites, Weather Shocks, And Witchcraft Trials In Scotland," Working Papers 1801, Brock University, Department of Economics.
- William D. Berry & Jacqueline H. R. DeMeritt & Justin Esarey, 2010. "Testing for Interaction in Binary Logit and Probit Models: Is a Product Term Essential?," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(1), pages 248-266, January.
- Afesorgbor, Sylvanus Kwaku & Mahadevan, Renuka, 2016.
"The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Income Inequality of Target States,"
World Development, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 1-11.
- Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor & Renuka Mahadevan, 2016. "The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Income Inequality of Target States," Economics Working Papers 2016-04, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.
- Attia, Hana & Grauvogel, Julia & von Soest, Christian, 2020. "The termination of international sanctions: explaining target compliance and sender capitulation," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
- Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, 2017. "The role of international organizations in regime transitions: How IGOs can tie a dictator’s hands," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 34(4), pages 406-430, July.
- Cáceres, Neila & Malone, Samuel W., 2013. "Forecasting leadership transitions around the world," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 575-591.
- James Honaker & Gary King, 2010. "What to Do about Missing Values in Time‐Series Cross‐Section Data," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(2), pages 561-581, April.
- Adam, Antonis & Tsavou, Evi, 2020. "One strike and you’re out! Dictators’ fate in the aftermath of terrorism," MPRA Paper 103772, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2020.
- Mikhail A Alexseev & Henry E Hale, 2020. "Crimea come what may: Do economic sanctions backfire politically?," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 57(2), pages 344-359, March.
- Faraji Dizaji, Sajjad & Ghadamgahi, Zeinab Sadat, 2021. "The impact of smart and non-smart sanctions on government health expenditures: evidence from developing resource-based countries," MPRA Paper 108787, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Onialisoa Mirana Rakotoarivelo & Hanitriniaina Sammy Gr´egoire Ravelonirina, 2019. "On the Dynamic of Country Development," Journal of Mathematics Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 11(2), pages 1-19, April.
- Randall J. Blimes, 2011. "International Conflict and Leadership Tenure," Chapters, in: Christopher J. Coyne & Rachel L. Mathers (ed.), The Handbook on the Political Economy of War, chapter 16, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Smeets, Maarten, 2018. "Can economic sanctions be effective?," WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2018-03, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division.
- Sajjad Faraji Dizaji & Peter A G van Bergeijk, 2013. "Potential early phase success and ultimate failure of economic sanctions," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 50(6), pages 721-736, November.
- Edoardo Grillo & Antonio Nicolò, 2022. "Learning it the hard way: Conflicts, economic sanctions and military aids," "Marco Fanno" Working Papers 0284, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche "Marco Fanno".
- Jungmoo Woo, 2021. "The effect of oil export on direct external democratizing pressures," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 102(6), pages 2599-2618, November.
- Tomas Sjostrom, 2023. "Optimal Compellance," Departmental Working Papers 202302, Rutgers University, Department of Economics.
- Blanca Moreno Dodson & Grégoire Rota-Graziosi & Clémence Vergne, 2012. "Breaking the wave of democracy: The effect of foreign aid on the incumbent's re-election probability," CERDI Working papers halshs-00722375, HAL.
- von Soest, Christian, 2023. "How authoritarian regimes counter international sanctions pressure," GIGA Working Papers 336, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.