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The Impact of Sanctions Imposed by the European Union against Iran on their Bilateral Trade: General versus Targeted Sanctions

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  • Ghodsi, Mahdi
  • Karamelikli, Huseyin

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has been using economic sanctions both as a foreign policy tool and as a liberal alternative to military action. Since 2006, it has been implementing general sanctions against the whole economy of Iran, affecting their trade relations, and since 2007, following the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council, it has also been using smart sanctions targeting Iranian entities and natural persons associated with the country's military activities. In a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, this paper investigates the impact of general and targeted EU sanctions against Iran on quarterly bilateral trade values between the 19 members of the euro area (EA19) and Iran between the first quarter of 1999 and the fourth quarter of 2018. In a robustness NARDL specification, trade between Iran and the 28 members of the EU is analysed. In addition, a gravity model of bilateral trade between Iran and the EU member states is run in a robustness check. The results indicate that the EU's general sanctions have strongly hampered trade flows between the two trading partners in almost all sectors, except for the primary sectors. Furthermore, our study finds that the impact of smart sanctions targeting Iranian entities and natural persons is much smaller than the impact of general sanctions on total trade values and the trade values of many sectors. Smart sanctions affect the exports of most sectors from the EA19 and the EU28 to Iran, while they are statistically insignificant for the imports of many sectors from Iran. Thus, this paper provides evidence of the motivations behind smart sanctions, which target specific individuals and entities rather than the whole economy, unlike general sanctions, which have a negative impact on ordinary people.

Suggested Citation

  • Ghodsi, Mahdi & Karamelikli, Huseyin, 2022. "The Impact of Sanctions Imposed by the European Union against Iran on their Bilateral Trade: General versus Targeted Sanctions," World Trade Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 21(1), pages 33-58, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:wotrrv:v:21:y:2022:i:1:p:33-58_3
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    Cited by:

    1. Mahdi Ghodsi & Mohammad Sharif Karimi & Robert Stehrer, 2020. "Does Asymmetric Nonlinear Approach Explain the Relationship Between Exchange Rate and Trade of Iran?," wiiw Working Papers 187, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
    2. Andrey Vershitsky & Maksim Dombrovsky & Valery Bezpalov & Valeriy Prasolov & Elmira Ibrayeva, 2024. "Monitoring of Economic Security: the Experience of the Work of the Russian Government Agencies and Public Organizations Countering International Sanctions," Public Organization Review, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 1-25, March.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • F50 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - General
    • F51 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions

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