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A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: Process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties

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  1. Wilk, Małgorzata & Śliz, Maciej & Lubieniecki, Bogusław, 2021. "Hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge and fuel additives: Combustion performance of hydrochar," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 1046-1056.
  2. Song, Bing & Lin, Richen & Lam, Chun Ho & Wu, Hao & Tsui, To-Hung & Yu, Yun, 2021. "Recent advances and challenges of inter-disciplinary biomass valorization by integrating hydrothermal and biological techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
  3. Mukherjee, C. & Denney, J. & Mbonimpa, E.G. & Slagley, J. & Bhowmik, R., 2020. "A review on municipal solid waste-to-energy trends in the USA," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
  4. Khiari, Besma & Jeguirim, Mejdi & Limousy, Lionel & Bennici, Simona, 2019. "Biomass derived chars for energy applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 253-273.
  5. Hanna Pińkowska & Małgorzata Krzywonos & Paweł Wolak & Przemysław Seruga & Agata Górniak & Adrianna Złocińska & Michał Ptak, 2020. "Sustainable Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Pectin-Free Sugar Beet Pulp in a Simple Aqueous Phase System-Optimization with Doehlert Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-15, October.
  6. Li, Shuangjun & Yuan, Xiangzhou & Deng, Shuai & Zhao, Li & Lee, Ki Bong, 2021. "A review on biomass-derived CO2 adsorption capture: Adsorbent, adsorber, adsorption, and advice," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  7. Khushbu Kumari & Raushan Kumar & Nirmali Bordoloi & Tatiana Minkina & Chetan Keswani & Kuldeep Bauddh, 2023. "Unravelling the Recent Developments in the Production Technology and Efficient Applications of Biochar for Agro-Ecosystems," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-26, February.
  8. Wilk, Małgorzata & Śliz, Maciej & Czerwińska, Klaudia & Gajek, Marcin & Kalemba-Rec, Izabela, 2024. "Improvements in dewaterability and fuel properties of hydrochars derived from hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge and organic waste," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  9. Shijie Yu & Xinyue Dong & Peng Zhao & Zhicheng Luo & Zhuohua Sun & Xiaoxiao Yang & Qinghai Li & Lei Wang & Yanguo Zhang & Hui Zhou, 2022. "Decoupled temperature and pressure hydrothermal synthesis of carbon sub-micron spheres from cellulose," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-10, December.
  10. Vlachokostas, Ch. & Michailidou, A.V. & Achillas, Ch., 2021. "Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis towards promoting Waste-to-Energy Management Strategies: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
  11. Eunhye Song & Seyong Park & Seongkuk Han & Eusil Lee & Ho Kim, 2022. "Characteristics of Hydrothermal Carbonization Hydrochar Derived from Cattle Manure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-14, December.
  12. Chang, Boon Peng & Rodriguez-Uribe, Arturo & Mohanty, Amar K. & Misra, Manjusri, 2021. "A comprehensive review of renewable and sustainable biosourced carbon through pyrolysis in biocomposites uses: Current development and future opportunity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  13. Neel Patel & Bishnu Acharya & Prabir Basu, 2021. "Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Seaweed (Macroalgae) for Producing Hydrochar," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-16, March.
  14. Daniel Reißmann & Daniela Thrän & Dennis Blöhse & Alberto Bezama, 2021. "Hydrothermal carbonization for sludge disposal in Germany: A comparative assessment for industrial‐scale scenarios in 2030," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(3), pages 720-734, June.
  15. Yan, Mi & Liu, Yu & Song, Yucai & Xu, Aiming & Zhu, Gaojun & Jiang, Jiahao & Hantoko, Dwi, 2022. "Comprehensive experimental study on energy conversion of household kitchen waste via integrated hydrothermal carbonization and supercritical water gasification," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
  16. Fang, Jun & Liu, Zhuangzhuang & Luan, Hui & Liu, Fen & Yuan, Xingzhong & Long, Shundong & Wang, Andong & Ma, Yong & Xiao, Zhihua, 2021. "Thermochemical liquefaction of cattle manure using ethanol as solvent: Effects of temperature on bio-oil yields and chemical compositions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 32-41.
  17. Balmuk, Gizem & Cay, Hakan & Duman, Gozde & Kantarli, Ismail Cem & Yanik, Jale, 2023. "Hydrothermal carbonization of olive oil industry waste into solid fuel: Fuel characteristics and combustion performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
  18. Pecchi, Matteo & Patuzzi, Francesco & Benedetti, Vittoria & Di Maggio, Rosa & Baratieri, Marco, 2020. "Kinetic analysis of hydrothermal carbonization using high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry applied to biomass," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
  19. Azzaz, Ahmed Amine & Khiari, Besma & Jellali, Salah & Ghimbeu, Camélia Matei & Jeguirim, Mejdi, 2020. "Hydrochars production, characterization and application for wastewater treatment: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
  20. Qi, Renzhi & Xu, Zhihua & Zhou, Yuwei & Zhang, Daofang & Sun, Zhenhua & Chen, Weifang & Xiong, Mengmeng, 2021. "Clean solid fuel produced from cotton textiles waste through hydrothermal carbonization with FeCl3: Upgrading the fuel quality and combustion characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
  21. Kuan-Ching Lee & Mitchell Shyan Wei Lim & Zhong-Yun Hong & Siewhui Chong & Timm Joyce Tiong & Guan-Ting Pan & Chao-Ming Huang, 2021. "Coconut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon for High-Performance Solid-State Supercapacitors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-11, July.
  22. Małgorzata Wilk & Marcin Gajek & Maciej Śliz & Klaudia Czerwińska & Lidia Lombardi, 2022. "Hydrothermal Carbonization Process of Digestate from Sewage Sludge: Chemical and Physical Properties of Hydrochar in Terms of Energy Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-17, September.
  23. Leonel J. R. Nunes & Abel M. Rodrigues & João C. O. Matias & Ana I. Ferraz & Ana C. Rodrigues, 2021. "Production of Biochar from Vine Pruning: Waste Recovery in the Wine Industry," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-15, May.
  24. Oliveira, A.S. & Baeza, J.A. & Garcia, D. & Saenz de Miera, B. & Calvo, L. & Rodriguez, J.J. & Gilarranz, M.A., 2020. "Effect of basicity in the aqueous phase reforming of brewery wastewater for H2 production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 889-896.
  25. Liu, Yali & Zhai, Yunbo & Li, Shanhong & Liu, Xiangmin & Liu, Xiaoping & Wang, Bei & Qiu, Zhenzi & Li, Caiting, 2020. "Production of bio-oil with low oxygen and nitrogen contents by combined hydrothermal pretreatment and pyrolysis of sewage sludge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
  26. Czerwińska, Klaudia & Śliz, Maciej & Wilk, Małgorzata, 2022. "Hydrothermal carbonization process: Fundamentals, main parameter characteristics and possible applications including an effective method of SARS-CoV-2 mitigation in sewage sludge. A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
  27. Xu, Zhi-Xiang & Tan, Yi & Ma, Xue-Qin & Wu, Shi-Yong & Zhang, Bo, 2023. "The influence of NaCl during hydrothermal carbonization for rice husk on hydrochar physicochemical properties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
  28. Zailan, Zarifah & Tahir, Muhammad & Jusoh, Mazura & Zakaria, Zaki Yamani, 2021. "A review of sulfonic group bearing porous carbon catalyst for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 430-452.
  29. Mosqueda, Alexander & Wei, Juntao & Medrano, Katleya & Gonzales, Hazel & Ding, Lu & Yu, Guangsuo & Yoshikawa, Kunio, 2019. "Co-gasification reactivity and synergy of banana residue hydrochar and anthracite coal blends," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 92-97.
  30. Tiago Teribele & Maria Elizabeth Gemaque Costa & Conceição de Maria Sales da Silva & Lia Martins Pereira & Lucas Pinto Bernar & Douglas Alberto Rocha de Castro & Fernanda Paula da Costa Assunção & Mar, 2023. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Corn Stover: Structural Evolution of Hydro-Char and Degradation Kinetics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-22, April.
  31. Zhuang, Xiuzheng & Liu, Jianguo & Zhang, Qi & Wang, Chenguang & Zhan, Hao & Ma, Longlong, 2022. "A review on the utilization of industrial biowaste via hydrothermal carbonization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
  32. Antonio Picone & Maurizio Volpe & Antonio Messineo, 2021. "Process Water Recirculation during Hydrothermal Carbonization of Waste Biomass: Current Knowledge and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-14, May.
  33. Taina Lühmann & Benjamin Wirth, 2020. "Sewage Sludge Valorization via Hydrothermal Carbonization: Optimizing Dewaterability and Phosphorus Release," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-16, August.
  34. Yuchiao Lu & Hanmin Yang & Andrey V. Karasev & Chuan Wang & Pär G. Jönsson, 2022. "Applications of Hydrochar and Charcoal in the Iron and Steelmaking Industry—Part 1: Characterization of Carbonaceous Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-27, August.
  35. Xu, Zhi-Xiang & Song, Hao & Zhang, Shu & Tong, Si-Qi & He, Zhi-Xia & Wang, Qian & Li, Bin & Hu, Xun, 2019. "Co-hydrothermal carbonization of digested sewage sludge and cow dung biogas residue: Investigation of the reaction characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
  36. Andrea G. Capodaglio & Gustaf Olsson, 2019. "Energy Issues in Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management: Use, Demand Reduction and Recovery in the Urban Water Cycle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-17, December.
  37. Wei, Yingyuan & Fakudze, Sandile & Zhang, Yiming & Ma, Ru & Shang, Qianqian & Chen, Jianqiang & Liu, Chengguo & Chu, Qiulu, 2022. "Co-hydrothermal carbonization of pomelo peel and PVC for production of hydrochar pellets with enhanced fuel properties and dechlorination," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PD).
  38. Djandja, Oraléou Sangué & Duan, Pei-Gao & Yin, Lin-Xin & Wang, Zhi-Cong & Duo, Jia, 2021. "A novel machine learning-based approach for prediction of nitrogen content in hydrochar from hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
  39. Wang, Ruikun & Lin, Zhaohua & Meng, Shu & Liu, Senyang & Zhao, Zhenghui & Wang, Chunbo & Yin, Qianqian, 2022. "Effect of lignocellulosic components on the hydrothermal carbonization reaction pathway and product properties of protein," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
  40. Zhang, Zhikun & Zhu, Zongyuan & Shen, Boxiong & Liu, Lina, 2019. "Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 581-598.
  41. Md Tahmid Islam & Nepu Saha & Sergio Hernandez & Jordan Klinger & M. Toufiq Reza, 2021. "Integration of Air Classification and Hydrothermal Carbonization to Enhance Energy Recovery of Corn Stover," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-14, March.
  42. Cheng, Chen & Ding, Lu & Guo, Qinghua & He, Qing & Gong, Yan & Alexander, Kozlov N. & Yu, Guangsuo, 2022. "Process analysis and kinetic modeling of coconut shell hydrothermal carbonization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
  43. Siddiqui, M.T.H. & Baloch, Humair Ahmed & Nizamuddin, Sabzoi & Mubarak, N.M. & Hossain, Nazia & Zavabeti, Ali & Mazari, Shaukat Ali & Griffin, G.J. & Srinivasan, Madapusi, 2021. "Synthesis and optimization of chitosan supported magnetic carbon bio-nanocomposites and bio-oil production by solvothermal carbonization co-precipitation for advanced energy applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 587-599.
  44. René A. Garrido & Camila Lagos & Carolina Luna & Jaime Sánchez & Georgina Díaz, 2021. "Study of the Potential Uses of Hydrochar from Grape Pomace and Walnut Shells Generated from Hydrothermal Carbonization as an Alternative for the Revalorization of Agri-Waste in Chile," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-10, November.
  45. Sooraj Kumar & Suhail Ahmed Soomro & Khanji Harijan & Mohammad Aslam Uqaili & Laveet Kumar, 2023. "Advancements of Biochar-Based Catalyst for Improved Production of Biodiesel: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-20, January.
  46. Leng, Lijian & Li, Hui & Yuan, Xingzhong & Zhou, Wenguang & Huang, Huajun, 2018. "Bio-oil upgrading by emulsification/microemulsification: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 214-232.
  47. Zhang, Xuefei & Li, Yongling & Zhang, Xianwen & Ma, Peiyong & Xing, Xianjun, 2023. "Co-combustion of municipal solid waste and hydrochars under non-isothermal conditions: Thermal behaviors, gaseous emissions and kinetic analyses by TGA–FTIR," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
  48. Theodoros N. Kapetanakis & Ioannis O. Vardiambasis & Christos D. Nikolopoulos & Antonios I. Konstantaras & Trinh Kieu Trang & Duy Anh Khuong & Toshiki Tsubota & Ramazan Keyikoglu & Alireza Khataee & D, 2021. "Towards Engineered Hydrochars: Application of Artificial Neural Networks in the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sewage Sludge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-15, May.
  49. Leng, Lijian & Li, Tanghao & Zhan, Hao & Rizwan, Muhammad & Zhang, Weijin & Peng, Haoyi & Yang, Zequn & Li, Hailong, 2023. "Machine learning-aided prediction of nitrogen heterocycles in bio-oil from the pyrolysis of biomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PB).
  50. Solarte-Toro, Juan Camilo & González-Aguirre, Jose Andrés & Poveda Giraldo, Jhonny Alejandro & Cardona Alzate, Carlos A., 2021. "Thermochemical processing of woody biomass: A review focused on energy-driven applications and catalytic upgrading," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
  51. Aragón-Briceño, C.I. & Pozarlik, A.K. & Bramer, E.A. & Niedzwiecki, Lukasz & Pawlak-Kruczek, H. & Brem, G., 2021. "Hydrothermal carbonization of wet biomass from nitrogen and phosphorus approach: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 401-415.
  52. Taufer, Noah Luciano & Benedetti, Vittoria & Pecchi, Matteo & Matsumura, Yukihiko & Baratieri, Marco, 2021. "Coupling hydrothermal carbonization of digestate and supercritical water gasification of liquid products," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 934-941.
  53. Liu, Tonggui & Jiao, HuiTing & Yang, Longsheng & Zhang, Weijin & Hu, Yingbing & Guo, Yonghao & Yang, Lihong & Leng, Songqi & Chen, Jiefeng & Chen, Jie & Peng, Haoyi & Leng, Lijian & Zhou, Wenguang, 2022. "Co-hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose, hemicellulose, and protein with aqueous phase recirculation: Insight into the reaction mechanisms on hydrochar formation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
  54. Śliz, Maciej & Wilk, Małgorzata, 2020. "A comprehensive investigation of hydrothermal carbonization: Energy potential of hydrochar derived from Virginia mallow," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 942-950.
  55. Anand, Abhijeet & Kumar, Vivek & Kaushal, Priyanka, 2022. "Biochar and its twin benefits: Crop residue management and climate change mitigation in India," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
  56. Umut Şen & Bruno Esteves & Helena Pereira, 2023. "Pyrolysis and Extraction of Bark in a Biorefineries Context: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-23, June.
  57. Alessandro Cardarelli & Marco Barbanera, 2023. "Substitution of Fossil Coal with Hydrochar from Agricultural Waste in the Electric Arc Furnace Steel Industry: A Comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-19, July.
  58. Azwifunimunwe Tshikovhi & Tshwafo Ellias Motaung, 2023. "Technologies and Innovations for Biomass Energy Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-21, August.
  59. Abhishek Kumar & Tanushree Bhattacharya, 2021. "Biochar: a sustainable solution," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 6642-6680, May.
  60. Pongsun Bunditsakulchai & Chen Liu, 2021. "Integrated Strategies for Household Food Waste Reduction in Bangkok," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-21, July.
  61. Lin, Yousheng & Hu, Zhifeng & Ge, Ya & Xiao, Hanmin & Zhang, Gang & He, Qing, 2023. "Chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling of biomass-derived hydrochar with Cu-based oxygen carriers modified by alkaline earth metals," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
  62. Saidi, Majid & Faraji, Mehdi, 2024. "Thermochemical conversion of neem seed biomass to sustainable hydrogen and biofuels: Experimental and theoretical evaluation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
  63. Gregor Sailer & Julian Comi & Florian Empl & Martin Silberhorn & Valeska Heymann & Monika Bosilj & Siham Ouardi & Stefan Pelz & Joachim Müller, 2022. "Hydrothermal Treatment of Residual Forest Wood (Softwood) and Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion—Influence of Temperature and Holding Time on the Characteristics of the Solid and Liquid Products," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-26, May.
  64. Hatem Abushammala & Muhammad Adil Masood & Salma Taqi Ghulam & Jia Mao, 2023. "On the Conversion of Paper Waste and Rejects into High-Value Materials and Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-21, April.
  65. Bains, Rohit & Kumar, Ajay & Chauhan, Arvind Singh & Das, Pralay, 2022. "Dimethyl carbonate solvent assisted efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to 5- hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 237-243.
  66. Wang, Zhi & Li, Jian & Yan, Beibei & Zhou, Shengquan & Zhu, Xiaochao & Cheng, Zhanjun & Chen, Guanyi, 2024. "Thermochemical processing of digestate derived from anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
  67. Md Tahmid Islam & Al Ibtida Sultana & Cadianne Chambers & Swarna Saha & Nepu Saha & Kawnish Kirtania & M. Toufiq Reza, 2022. "Recent Progress on Emerging Applications of Hydrochar," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-45, December.
  68. Xia, Guoyan & Liu, Zhanglin & He, Jinsong & Huang, Mei & Zhao, Li & Zou, Jianmei & Lei, Yongjia & Yang, Qiulin & Liu, Yan & Tian, Dong & Shen, Fei, 2024. "Modulating three-dimensional porous carbon from paper mulberry juice by a hydrothermal process for a supercapacitor with excellent performance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  69. Shimaa M. Elsaeed & E. G. Zaki & Tarek M. Ibrahim & Nasser Ibrahim Talha & Hosam A. Saad & Adil A. Gobouri & Amr Elkelish & Salah Mohamed el-kousy, 2021. "Biochar Grafted on CMC-Terpolymer by Green Microwave Route for Sustainable Agriculture," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-16, April.
  70. Nepu Saha & Akbar Saba & Pretom Saha & Kyle McGaughy & Diana Franqui-Villanueva & William J. Orts & William M. Hart-Cooper & M. Toufiq Reza, 2019. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Various Paper Mill Sludges: An Observation of Solid Fuel Properties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-18, March.
  71. Wang, Guangwei & Li, Desheng & Xiong, Lin & Dan, Jiayun & Xu, Kun & Yuan, Xiang & Kan, Guangze & Ning, Xiaojun & Wang, Chuan, 2023. "Application of catalysts in biomass hydrothermal carbonization for the preparation of high-quality blast furnace injection fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
  72. Abu-Taher Jamal-Uddin & Shakirudeen A. Salaudeen & Animesh Dutta & Richard G. Zytner, 2022. "Hydrothermal Conversion of Waste Biomass from Greenhouses into Hydrochar for Energy, Soil Amendment, and Wastewater Treatment Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-21, May.
  73. Wang, Ruikun & Liu, Senyang & Xue, Qiao & Lin, Kai & Yin, Qianqian & Zhao, Zhenghui, 2022. "Analysis and prediction of characteristics for solid product obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass components," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 575-585.
  74. Senthil, Chenrayan & Lee, Chang Woo, 2021. "Biomass-derived biochar materials as sustainable energy sources for electrochemical energy storage devices," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
  75. Ioannis O. Vardiambasis & Theodoros N. Kapetanakis & Christos D. Nikolopoulos & Trinh Kieu Trang & Toshiki Tsubota & Ramazan Keyikoglu & Alireza Khataee & Dimitrios Kalderis, 2020. "Hydrochars as Emerging Biofuels: Recent Advances and Application of Artificial Neural Networks for the Prediction of Heating Values," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-20, September.
  76. Kossińska, Nina & Krzyżyńska, Renata & Ghazal, Heba & Jouhara, Hussam, 2023. "Hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge and resulting biofuels as a sustainable energy source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
  77. Yan, Mi & Liu, Jianyong & Yoshikawa, Kunio & Jiang, Jiahao & Zhang, Yan & Zhu, Gaojun & Liu, Yu & Hantoko, Dwi, 2022. "Cascading disposal for food waste by integration of hydrothermal carbonization and supercritical water gasification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 914-926.
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