IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/e/pme68.html
   My authors  Follow this author

Julian Messina

Personal Details

First Name:Julian
Middle Name:
Last Name:Messina
Suffix:
RePEc Short-ID:pme68
[This author has chosen not to make the email address public]
http://jsmessina.com
Dpto. Fundamentos del Análisis Económico Fac. Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, 2ª planta. Universidad de Alicante Campus de San Vicente, 03690 Alicante, Spain
Twitter: @messinajulian
Terminal Degree:2002 Department of Economics; European University Institute (from RePEc Genealogy)

Affiliation

Departamento de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales
Universidad de Alicante

Alicante, Spain
http://merlin.fae.ua.es/
RePEc:edi:dfalies (more details at EDIRC)

Research output

as
Jump to: Working papers Articles Chapters Books

Working papers

  1. Busso, Matias & Ibáñez, Ana María & Messina, Julián & Quigua, Juliana, 2023. "Preferences for redistribution in Latin America," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 120687, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  2. Eslava, Marcela & García-Marín, Alvaro & Messina, Julián, 2023. "Inequality and market power in Latin America and the Caribbean," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 120686, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  3. Ferreira, Francisco H. G. & Firpo, Sergio P & Messina, Julián, 2022. "Labor market experience and falling earnings inequality in Brazil: 1995–2012," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 110471, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  4. Carlsson, Mikael & Messina, Julián & Skans, Oskar Nordström, 2021. "Firm-Level Shocks and Labor Flows," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 10986, Inter-American Development Bank.
  5. Busso, Matías & Camacho, Juanita & Messina, Julián & Montenegro, Guadalupe, 2020. "Social Protection and Informality in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 10849, Inter-American Development Bank.
  6. Christelis, Dimitris & Messina, Julián, 2019. "Partial Identification of Population Average and Quantile Treatment Effects in Observational Data under Sample Selection," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 9520, Inter-American Development Bank.
  7. Messina, Julián & Silva, Joana, 2019. "Twenty Years of Wage Inequality in Latin America," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 9734, Inter-American Development Bank.
  8. Fernández, Manuel & Messina, Julián, 2017. "Skill Premium, Labor Supply and Changes in the Structure of Wages in Latin America," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 8219, Inter-American Development Bank.
  9. Ferreira, Francisco H. G. & Firpo, Sergio P. & Messina, Julián, 2017. "Ageing Poorly?: Accounting for the Decline in Earnings Inequality in Brazil, 1995-2012," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 8220, Inter-American Development Bank.
  10. Adriana Camacho & Julián Messina & Juan Pablo Uribe, 2017. "The Expansion of Higher Education in Colombia: Bad Students or Bad Programs?," Documentos CEDE 15352, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  11. Gambetti, Luca & Messina, Julián, 2016. "Evolving Wage Cyclicality in Latin America," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 7791, Inter-American Development Bank.
  12. Fabiani, Silvia & Lamo, Ana & Messina, Julián & Rõõm, Tairi, 2015. "European firm adjustment during times of economic crisis," Working Paper Series 1778, European Central Bank.
  13. Philip Du Caju & Theodora Kosma & Martina Lawless & Julian Messina & Tairi Room, 2014. "Why firms avoid cutting wages: survey evidence from European firms," Working Papers 173, Bank of Greece.
  14. Francisco H. G. Ferreira & Sergio P. Firpo & Julian Messina, 2014. "A more level playing field? Explaining the decline in earnings inequality in Brazil, 1995-2012," Global Development Institute Working Paper Series iriba_wp12, GDI, The University of Manchester.
  15. Del Carpio, Ximena V & Messina, Julián & Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anna, 2014. "Minimum Wage: Does It Improve Welfare in Thailand?," IZA Discussion Papers 7911, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  16. Carlsson, Mikael & Messina, Julián & Nordström Skans, Oskar, 2014. "Firm-level shocks and labor adjustments," Working Paper Series 2014:28, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.
  17. Federico Cingano & Marco Leonardi & Julian Messina & Giovanni Pica, 2013. "Employment Protection Legislation, Capital Investment and Access to Credit: Evidence from Italy," Development Working Papers 354, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano.
  18. Carlsson, Mikael & Messina, Julián & Nordström Skans, Oskar, 2011. "Wage adjustment and productivity shocks," Working Paper Series 2011:9, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.
  19. D. Lederman & W.F. Maloney & J. Messina, 2011. "The Fall of Wage Flexibility," World Bank Publications - Reports 23575, The World Bank Group.
  20. Messina, Julián & Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anna, 2011. "Wage Rigidity and Disinflation in Emerging Countries," IZA Discussion Papers 5778, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  21. Ana Lamo & Julian Messina & Etienne Wasmer, 2011. "Are specific skills an obstacle to labor market adjustment?," Post-Print hal-03415491, HAL.
  22. Lamo, Ana & Messina, Julián, 2010. "Formal education, mismatch and wages after transition: Assessing the impact of unobserved heterogeneity using matching estimators," Working Paper Series 1215, European Central Bank.
  23. Jan Babecký & Philip Du Caju & Theodora Kosma & Martina Lawless & Julián Messina & Tairi Rõõm, 2010. "Downward nominal and real wage rigidity: survey evidence from European firms," Working Papers 110, Bank of Greece.
  24. Julián Messina & Philip Du Caju & Cláudia Filipa Duarte & Niels Lynggård Hansen & Mario Izquierdo, 2010. "The incidence of nominal and real wage rigidity: an individual-based sectoral approach," Working Papers 1022, Banco de España.
  25. Federico Cingano & Marco Leonardi & Julián Messina & Giovanni Pica, 2009. "The effect of employment protection legislation and financial market imperfections on investment: Evidence from a firm-level panel of EU countries," Working Papers 0914, Banco de España.
  26. Fagan, Gabriel & Messina, Julián, 2009. "Downward wage rigidity and optimal steady-state inflation," Working Paper Series 1048, European Central Bank.
  27. Messina, Julián & Turunen, Jarkko & Strozzi, Chiara, 2009. "Real wages over the business cycle: OECD evidence from the time and frequency domains," Working Paper Series 1003, European Central Bank.
  28. Jan Babecký & Philip Du Caju & Theodora Kosma & Martina Lawless & Julián Messina & Tairi Rõõm, 2009. "The margins of labour cost adjustment: survey evidence from european firms," Working Papers 108, Bank of Greece.
  29. Ana Lamo & Peter Fredriksson & Julian Messina & Giovanni Peri, 2007. "The Macroeconomics of Education," Post-Print hal-03417764, HAL.
  30. Dickens, William T. & Götte, Lorenz & Groshen, Erica L. & Holden, Steinar & Messina, Julián & Schweitzer, Mark E. & Turunen, Jarkko & Ward-Warmedinger, Melanie, 2006. "How wages change: micro evidence from the International Wage Flexibility Project," Working Paper Series 697, European Central Bank.
  31. Messina, Julián & Vallanti, Giovanna, 2006. "Job flow dynamics and firing restrictions: evidence from Europe," Working Paper Series 602, European Central Bank.
  32. Lamo, Ana & Wasmer, Etienne & Messina, Julián, 2006. "Are Specific Skills an Obstacle to Labour Market Adjustment? Theory and an Application to the EU Enlargement," CEPR Discussion Papers 5503, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  33. Etienne Wasmer & Peter Fredriksson & Ana Lamo & Julian Messina & Giovanni Peri, 2005. "The Macroeconomics of Education," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-03458955, HAL.
  34. Messina, Julián, 2004. "Institutions and service employment: a panel study for OECD countries," Working Paper Series 320, European Central Bank.
  35. Gomez-Salvador, Ramon & Messina, Julián & Vallanti, Giovanna, 2004. "Gross job flows and institutions in Europe," Working Paper Series 318, European Central Bank.
  36. Messina, Julian, 2003. "Sectoral Structure and Entry Regulations," Royal Economic Society Annual Conference 2003 154, Royal Economic Society.
  37. Messina, Julián, 2003. "The role of product market regulations in the process of structural change," Working Paper Series 217, European Central Bank.
  38. Nicola GIAMMARIOLI & Julian MESSINA & Thomas STEINBERGER & Chiara STROZZI, 2002. "European Labor Share Dynamics: An Institutional Perspective," Economics Working Papers ECO2002/13, European University Institute.
    repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/9041 is not listed on IDEAS

Articles

  1. Francisco H G Ferreira & Sergio P Firpo & Julián Messina, 2022. "Labor Market Experience and Falling Earnings Inequality in Brazil: 1995–2012," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 36(1), pages 37-67.
  2. Julian Messina & Joana Silva, 2021. "Twenty Years of Wage Inequality in Latin America," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 35(1), pages 117-147.
  3. Mikael Carlsson & Julián Messina & Oskar Nordström Skans, 2021. "Firm-Level Shocks and Labour Flows," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 131(634), pages 598-623.
  4. Ximena V. del Carpio & Julián Messina & Anna Sanz‐de‐Galdeano, 2019. "Minimum Wage: Does it Improve Welfare in Thailand?," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 65(2), pages 358-382, June.
  5. Luca Gambetti & Julián Messina, 2018. "Evolving Wage Cyclicality in Latin America," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 32(3), pages 709-726.
  6. Fernández, Manuel & Messina, Julián, 2018. "Skill premium, labor supply, and changes in the structure of wages in Latin America," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 555-573.
  7. Federico Cingano & Marco Leonardi & Julián Messina & Giovanni Pica, 2016. "Employment Protection Legislation, Capital Investment and Access to Credit: Evidence from Italy," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 126(595), pages 1798-1822, September.
  8. Mikael Carlsson & Julián Messina & Oskar Nordström Skans, 2016. "Wage Adjustment and Productivity Shocks," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 126(595), pages 1739-1773, September.
  9. Philip Du Caju & Theodora Kosma & Martina Lawless & Julián Messina & Tairi Rõõm, 2015. "Why Firms Avoid Cutting Wages," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 68(4), pages 862-888, August.
  10. Silvia Fabiani & Ana Lamo & Julián Messina & Tairi Rõõm, 2015. "European firm adjustment during times of economic crisis," IZA Journal of Labor Policy, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 4(1), pages 1-28, December.
  11. Juli?n Messina & Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, 2014. "Wage Rigidity and Disinflation in Emerging Countries," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(1), pages 102-133, January.
  12. Babecký, Jan & Du Caju, Philip & Kosma, Theodora & Lawless, Martina & Messina, Julián & Rõõm, Tairi, 2012. "How do European firms adjust their labour costs when nominal wages are rigid?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(5), pages 792-801.
  13. Lamo, Ana & Messina, Julián & Wasmer, Etienne, 2011. "Are specific skills an obstacle to labor market adjustment?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 240-256, April.
  14. Jan Babecký & Philip Du Caju & Theodora Kosma & Martina Lawless & Julián Messina & Tairi Rõõm, 2010. "Downward Nominal and Real Wage Rigidity: Survey Evidence from European Firms," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 112(4), pages 884-910, December.
  15. Federico Cingano & Marco Leonardi & Julián Messina & Giovanni Pica, 2010. "The effects of employment protection legislation and financial market imperfections on investment: evidence from a firm-level panel of EU countries [Technology and labour regulations]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 25(61), pages 117-163.
  16. Lamo, Ana & Messina, Julián, 2010. "Formal education, mismatch and wages after transition: Assessing the impact of unobserved heterogeneity using matching estimators," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(6), pages 1086-1099, December.
  17. Julián Messina & Cláudia Filipa Duarte & Mario Izquierdo & Philip Du Caju & Niels Lynggård Hansen, 2010. "The Incidence of Nominal and Real Wage Rigidity: An Individual-Based Sectoral Approach," Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 8(2-3), pages 487-496, 04-05.
  18. Messina, Julian & Strozzi, Chiara & Turunen, Jarkko, 2009. "Real wages over the business cycle: OECD evidence from the time and frequency domains," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 33(6), pages 1183-1200, June.
  19. William T. Dickens & Lorenz Goette & Erica L. Groshen & Steinar Holden & Julian Messina & Mark E. Schweitzer & Jarkko Turunen & Melanie E. Ward, 2007. "How Wages Change: Micro Evidence from the International Wage Flexibility Project," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 21(2), pages 195-214, Spring.
  20. Julián Messina & Giovanna Vallanti, 2007. "Job Flow Dynamics and Firing Restrictions: Evidence from Europe," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 117(521), pages 279-301, June.
  21. William T. Dickens & Lorenz Goette & Erica L. Groshen & Steinar Holden & Julian Messina & Mark E. Schweitzer & Jarkko Turunen & Melanie Ward, 2006. "The interaction of labor markets and inflation: analysis of micro data from the International Wage Flexibility Project," Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
  22. Messina, Julian, 2006. "The role of product market regulations in the process of structural change," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(7), pages 1863-1890, October.
  23. Julián Messina, 2005. "Institutions and Service Employment: A Panel Study for OECD Countries," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 19(2), pages 343-372, June.
  24. Gomez-Salvador, Ramon & Messina, Julian & Vallanti, Giovanna, 2004. "Gross job flows and institutions in Europe," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(4), pages 469-485, August.

Chapters

  1. Julián Messina, 2017. "The Market for Skills: Beyond Supply and Demand," IDB Publications (Book Chapters), in: Matí­as Busso & Julián Cristia & Diana Hincapié & Julián Messina & Laura Ripani (ed.), Learning Better: Public Policy for Skills Development, edition 1, chapter 4, pages 69-98, Inter-American Development Bank.
  2. Matías Busso & Julián Cristia & Diana Hincapié & Julián Messina & Laura Ripani, 2017. "Learning Better for an Uncertain Future," IDB Publications (Book Chapters), in: Matías Busso & Julián Cristia & Diana Hincapié & Julián Messina & Laura Ripani (ed.), Learning Better: Public Policy for Skills Development, edition 1, chapter 1, pages 1-18, Inter-American Development Bank.
  3. Ramón Gómez-Salvador & Julián Messina & Giovanna Vallanti, 2006. "On the Determinants of Job Flows in Europe: Sectoral Factors and Institutions," Chapters, in: Julián Messina & Claudio Michelacci & Jarkko Turunen & Gylfi Zoega (ed.), Labour Market Adjustments in Europe, chapter 5, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  4. Julián Messina & Chiara Strozzi & Jarkko Turunen, 2006. "Cyclicality of Real Wages in the Euro Area and OECD Countries," Chapters, in: Julián Messina & Claudio Michelacci & Jarkko Turunen & Gylfi Zoega (ed.), Labour Market Adjustments in Europe, chapter 2, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Books

  1. Julian Messina & Joana Silva, 2018. "Wage Inequality in Latin America," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 28682.
  2. Busso, Matías & Cristia, Julian P. & Hincapie, Diana & Messina, Julián & Ripani, Laura, 2017. "Learning Better: Public Policy for Skills Development," IDB Publications (Books), Inter-American Development Bank, number 8495, November.
  3. Daniel Lederman & Julián Messina & Samuel Pienknagura & Jamele Rigolini, 2014. "Latin American Entrepreneurs : Many Firms but Little Innovation [El emprendimiento en América Latina : muchas empresas y poca innovación]," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 16457.
  4. Francisco H.G. Ferreira & Julian Messina & Jamele Rigolini & Luis-Felipe López-Calva & Maria Ana Lugo & Renos Vakis, 2013. "Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class [La movilidad económica y el crecimiento de la clase media en América Latina]," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 11858.
  5. Julián Messina & Claudio Michelacci & Jarkko Turunen & Gylfi Zoega (ed.), 2006. "Labour Market Adjustments in Europe," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 4013.
    RePEc:cnb:ocpubv:rb08/2 is not listed on IDEAS

More information

Research fields, statistics, top rankings, if available.

Statistics

Access and download statistics for all items

Rankings

This author is among the top 5% authors according to these criteria:
  1. Average Rank Score
  2. Number of Works
  3. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  4. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  5. Number of Citations
  6. Number of Citations, Discounted by Citation Age
  7. Number of Citations, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  8. Number of Citations, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor, Discounted by Citation Age
  9. Number of Citations, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  10. Number of Citations, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor, Discounted by Citation Age
  11. h-index
  12. Number of Registered Citing Authors
  13. Number of Registered Citing Authors, Weighted by Rank (Max. 1 per Author)
  14. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  15. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  16. Closeness measure in co-authorship network
  17. Betweenness measure in co-authorship network
  18. Breadth of citations across fields
  19. Wu-Index

Co-authorship network on CollEc

NEP Fields

NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 59 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
  1. NEP-LAB: Labour Economics (42) 2006-02-19 2006-10-21 2007-01-02 2007-01-23 2009-01-03 2009-02-28 2009-03-28 2009-05-16 2009-05-23 2009-08-08 2009-08-30 2009-11-21 2009-11-21 2009-11-21 2009-11-21 2009-12-11 2009-12-11 2009-12-11 2010-01-16 2010-01-16 2010-03-06 2010-05-29 2010-06-18 2010-07-03 2010-07-03 2010-07-31 2010-10-02 2010-11-06 2011-03-12 2011-05-24 2011-05-30 2011-06-25 2011-11-14 2012-01-03 2013-07-05 2013-12-29 2014-02-08 2014-08-02 2014-08-28 2014-12-29 2015-01-03 2015-01-09. Author is listed
  2. NEP-CBA: Central Banking (17) 2006-10-21 2007-01-02 2007-01-23 2009-01-03 2009-02-28 2009-03-28 2009-05-09 2009-08-08 2009-11-21 2009-11-21 2009-12-11 2010-01-16 2010-03-06 2010-07-03 2010-07-31 2010-10-02 2011-03-12. Author is listed
  3. NEP-EEC: European Economics (16) 2003-03-03 2006-04-08 2006-10-21 2009-05-09 2009-05-16 2009-08-30 2009-11-21 2009-11-21 2010-01-16 2010-03-06 2010-10-02 2011-03-12 2013-07-05 2013-07-28 2013-12-29 2014-04-05. Author is listed
  4. NEP-BEC: Business Economics (15) 2006-02-19 2007-01-23 2009-01-03 2009-02-28 2009-03-28 2009-05-16 2009-05-23 2009-08-08 2009-08-30 2011-03-12 2011-05-24 2011-05-30 2012-01-03 2014-04-05 2014-09-08. Author is listed
  5. NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics (12) 2003-03-03 2006-10-21 2007-01-23 2009-01-03 2009-02-28 2009-03-28 2009-08-08 2009-08-08 2011-11-14 2014-08-28 2017-05-07 2017-05-21. Author is listed
  6. NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages (9) 2013-07-05 2013-12-29 2014-02-08 2014-08-02 2014-08-28 2014-12-29 2017-05-07 2017-05-07 2023-12-11. Author is listed
  7. NEP-LAM: Central and South America (5) 2014-08-28 2017-05-07 2017-05-07 2017-05-21 2021-09-20. Author is listed
  8. NEP-DEV: Development (4) 2003-05-29 2003-06-16 2011-11-14 2023-12-18
  9. NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity (4) 2011-05-24 2011-05-30 2012-01-03 2013-07-28
  10. NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues (4) 2010-05-29 2011-03-12 2014-09-08 2015-06-05
  11. NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics (4) 2013-07-05 2013-12-29 2014-04-05 2014-08-02
  12. NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management (4) 2006-02-19 2013-07-05 2014-04-05 2014-09-08
  13. NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty (4) 2014-02-08 2015-01-09 2017-05-07 2021-09-20
  14. NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics (4) 2009-01-03 2009-02-28 2009-03-28 2009-08-08
  15. NEP-REG: Regulation (4) 2006-04-08 2009-05-16 2009-05-23 2009-08-30
  16. NEP-TRA: Transition Economics (4) 2006-02-19 2010-06-18 2010-07-03 2010-11-06
  17. NEP-EDU: Education (3) 2006-02-19 2010-07-03 2010-11-06
  18. NEP-COM: Industrial Competition (2) 2003-05-29 2023-12-11
  19. NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium (2) 2000-10-05 2009-08-08
  20. NEP-MON: Monetary Economics (2) 2009-05-09 2009-08-08
  21. NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance (1) 2014-09-08
  22. NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management (1) 2014-08-02
  23. NEP-ECM: Econometrics (1) 2019-06-24
  24. NEP-FIN: Finance (1) 2000-10-05
  25. NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History (1) 2017-05-07
  26. NEP-IND: Industrial Organization (1) 2003-06-16
  27. NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance (1) 2021-09-20
  28. NEP-ORE: Operations Research (1) 2019-06-24
  29. NEP-SEA: South East Asia (1) 2014-02-08
  30. NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics (1) 2023-01-30

Corrections

All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. For general information on how to correct material on RePEc, see these instructions.

To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Julian Messina should log into the RePEc Author Service.

To make corrections to the bibliographic information of a particular item, find the technical contact on the abstract page of that item. There, details are also given on how to add or correct references and citations.

To link different versions of the same work, where versions have a different title, use this form. Note that if the versions have a very similar title and are in the author's profile, the links will usually be created automatically.

Please note that most corrections can take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.