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Industrial accidents triggered by earthquakes, floods and lightning: lessons learned from a database analysis

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  • Elisabeth Krausmann
  • Elisabetta Renni
  • Michela Campedel
  • Valerio Cozzani

Abstract

Natural hazards and disasters can cause major accidents in chemical and process installations. These so-called Natech accidents can result in hazardous-materials releases due to damage to process and storage units, or pipes. In order to understand the dynamics of Natech events, accidents triggered by earthquakes, floods and lightning recorded in industrial accident databases were analysed. This allowed the identification of the most vulnerable equipment types, their modes of failure due to natural-event impact and the final accident scenarios. Moreover, lessons learned for future accident prevention and mitigation were derived. The analysis showed that pipes and storage tanks are the most vulnerable equipment for earthquakes, floods and lightning, calling for more research of equipment behaviour under natural-event loading. The damage modes and states are strongly dependent on the characteristics of the impacting natural event. Toxic dispersion, fires and explosions were observed as a consequence of all three types of analysed natural events. In the case of floods, two additional scenarios were identified. These are water contamination and the formation of toxic and/or flammable vapours upon reaction of the released chemicals with the floodwaters. The overall number of recorded Natech accidents was found to range from 2 to 5% of all reported accidents in the analysed databases. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

Suggested Citation

  • Elisabeth Krausmann & Elisabetta Renni & Michela Campedel & Valerio Cozzani, 2011. "Industrial accidents triggered by earthquakes, floods and lightning: lessons learned from a database analysis," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 59(1), pages 285-300, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:nathaz:v:59:y:2011:i:1:p:285-300
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-011-9754-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Michael K. Lindell & Ronald W. Perry, 1997. "Hazardous Materials Releases in the Northridge Earthquake: Implications for Seismic Risk Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(2), pages 147-156, April.
    2. Elisabeth Krausmann & Fesil Mushtaq, 2008. "A qualitative Natech damage scale for the impact of floods on selected industrial facilities," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 46(2), pages 179-197, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yang, Yunfeng & Chen, Guohua & Reniers, Genserik, 2020. "Vulnerability assessment of atmospheric storage tanks to floods based on logistic regression," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    2. Gianluca Pescaroli & David Alexander, 2016. "Critical infrastructure, panarchies and the vulnerability paths of cascading disasters," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 82(1), pages 175-192, May.
    3. Carlos Galera-Zarco & Goulielmos Floros, 2024. "A deep learning approach to improve built asset operations and disaster management in critical events: an integrative simulation model for quicker decision making," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 339(1), pages 573-612, August.
    4. Tiezhong Liu & Hubo Zhang & Xiaowei Li & Haiyan Li, 2017. "Effects of organization factors on flood-related Natechs in urban areas of China," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 88(1), pages 355-365, August.
    5. Misuri, Alessio & Landucci, Gabriele & Cozzani, Valerio, 2020. "Assessment of safety barrier performance in Natech scenarios," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    6. Rossi, Lorenzo & Casson Moreno, Valeria & Landucci, Gabriele, 2022. "Vulnerability assessment of process pipelines affected by flood events," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    7. Landucci, Gabriele & Antonioni, Giacomo & Tugnoli, Alessandro & Cozzani, Valerio, 2012. "Release of hazardous substances in flood events: Damage model for atmospheric storage tanks," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 200-216.
    8. Tao Zeng & Guohua Chen & Yunfeng Yang & Genserik Reniers & Yixin Zhao & Xia Liu, 2020. "A Systematic Literature Review on Safety Research Related to Chemical Industrial Parks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-27, July.
    9. Antonioni, Giacomo & Landucci, Gabriele & Necci, Amos & Gheorghiu, Diana & Cozzani, Valerio, 2015. "Quantitative assessment of risk due to NaTech scenarios caused by floods," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 334-345.
    10. Khakzad, Nima & Van Gelder, Pieter, 2018. "Vulnerability of industrial plants to flood-induced natechs: A Bayesian network approach," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 403-411.
    11. Misuri, Alessio & Landucci, Gabriele & Cozzani, Valerio, 2021. "Assessment of safety barrier performance in the mitigation of domino scenarios caused by Natech events," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    12. Misuri, Alessio & Landucci, Gabriele & Cozzani, Valerio, 2021. "Assessment of risk modification due to safety barrier performance degradation in Natech events," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    13. V. I. Osipov & V. I. Larionov & V. N. Burova & N. I. Frolova & S. P. Sushchev, 2017. "Methodology of natural risk assessment in Russia," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 88(1), pages 17-41, August.
    14. Ana Cruz & Elisabeth Krausmann, 2013. "Vulnerability of the oil and gas sector to climate change and extreme weather events," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 121(1), pages 41-53, November.
    15. Landucci, Gabriele & Necci, Amos & Antonioni, Giacomo & Tugnoli, Alessandro & Cozzani, Valerio, 2014. "Release of hazardous substances in flood events: Damage model for horizontal cylindrical vessels," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 125-145.
    16. Zuluaga Mayorga, Santiago & Sánchez-Silva, Mauricio & Ramírez Olivar, Oscar J. & Muñoz Giraldo, Felipe, 2019. "Development of parametric fragility curves for storage tanks: A Natech approach," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 1-10.
    17. Necci, Amos & Antonioni, Giacomo & Bonvicini, Sarah & Cozzani, Valerio, 2016. "Quantitative assessment of risk due to major accidents triggered by lightning," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 60-72.
    18. Ricci, Federica & Misuri, Alessio & Scarponi, Giordano Emrys & Cozzani, Valerio & Demichela, Micaela, 2024. "Vulnerability Assessment of Industrial Sites to Interface Fires and Wildfires," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    19. F. Luino & A. Belloni & L. Turconi & F. Faccini & A. Mantovani & P. Fassi & F. Marincioni & G. Caldiroli, 2018. "A historical geomorphological approach to flood hazard management along the shore of an alpine lake (northern Italy)," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 94(1), pages 471-488, October.
    20. Necci, Amos & Antonioni, Giacomo & Cozzani, Valerio & Krausmann, Elisabeth & Borghetti, Alberto & Nucci, Carlo Alberto, 2014. "Assessment of lightning impact frequency for process equipment," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 95-105.

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