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Concentration de la production agricole et croissance des exploitations

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  • Jean-Pierre Butault
  • Nathalie Delame

Abstract

[ger] Konzentration der Agrarproduktion und Wachstum der Landwirtschaftsbetriebe . Zwischen den Landwirtschaftszählungen von 1988 und 2000 ging die Anzahl der Betriebe von einer Million auf 664 000 zurück. Dies führte zu einer leichten Zunahme der Produktionskonzentration, was seinen Niederschlag in einer Verkleinerung der kleinsten Betriebe und einer Vergrößerung der größten fand. Zwei erklärende Variablen der Größe beeinfl ussen deren Streuung wesentlich stärker als in der Vergangenheit: das Alter des Landwirts, das insbesondere die Niederlassung von Junglandwirten in immer größeren Betrieben widerspiegelt, und die Rechtsform. Zwischen 1988 und 1997 wurde jeder dritte Betrieb geschlossen. Betroffen waren hiervon hauptsächlich die kleinsten, die in zwei unterschiedliche Kategorien eingeteilt werden können: einerseits diejenigen, deren Verkleinerung eine künftige Schließung ankündigt, und andererseits diejenigen, deren Wachstum mit einer Phase der Niederlassung oder Betriebsübernahme zusammenfällt. Bei den Junglandwirten sind die Übernahmen häufi ger als die Schließungen und betreffen hauptsächlich mittelgroße Betriebe. Die ursprüngliche Größe spielt beim Wachstum der Betriebe kaum eine Rolle; denn die Produktionskonzentration erfolgt eher durch eine Zunahme der wirtschaftlichen Betriebsgröße als durch eine Monopolisierung der Produktion durch die größten Betriebe. Die sehr geringe Konzentration in den letzten fünfzehn Jahren ist im Wesentlichen auf die zunehmende Verbreitung von Betrieben in Form von Gesellschaften zurückzuführen, die sich für Großbetriebe besser eignen als der Status des Einzelunternehmers. Eine Projektion nach einem Markov-Prozess ergibt 473 000 Landwirtschaftsbetriebe im Jahre 2012. Diese Abnahme, die deutlich geringer ist als zwischen 1988 und 2000, würde mit einer leichten Zunahme der absoluten Konzentration einhergehen. [spa] Entre los censos agrícolas de 1988 y 2000, el número de explotaciones agrícolas pasó de un millón a 664.000. Esta disminución se tradujo en un ligero crecimiento de la concentración relativa de la producción, que cubre tanto una disminución del tamaño de las explotaciones más pequeñas, como un aumento de las explotaciones agrícolas más grandes. Existen dos variables explicativas del tamaño que ejercen con toda claridad una mayor infl uencia sobre la dispersión que en el pasado: la edad del jefe de explotación, la cual refl eja sobre todo, la instalación de jóvenes en explotaciones agrícolas cada vez más grandes, y la forma jurídica. Entre 1988 y 1997 desapareció una de cada tres explotaciones agrícolas, y estas desapariciones conciernen principalmente las más pequeñas. Las explotaciones agrícolas pequeñas pueden dividirse en dos categorías: aquellas cuya disminución de tamaño anuncia la desaparición futura y, por otro lado, aquellas cuyo crecimiento coincide con una fase de instalación o de reanudación de la actividad. En el grupo de los agricultores jóvenes, las reanudaciones son más frecuentes que la desaparición y están relacionadas principalmente con las explotaciones agrícolas de tamaño medio. El tamaño inicial de la explotación interviene poco en el crecimiento: la concentración de la producción es más bien el resultado del aumento de los umbrales de dimensión económica y no signifi ca, por lo tanto, un acaparamiento de la producción por parte de las unidades agrícolas más grandes. El reducido movimiento de concentración observado en el transcurso de los últimos quince años está ligado fundamentalmente al desarrollo de formas societarias, mejor adaptadas al gran tamaño de las explotaciones que el estatus de empresario individual. Una proyección basada en un proceso de Markov lleva a 473 000 explotaciones agrarias en 2012. En principio, esta disminución, sensiblemente menos rápida que la existente entre 1988 y 2000, iría acompañada de un ligero aumento de la concentración absoluta. Concentración de la producción agrícola y crecimiento de las explotaciones [eng] The concentration of agricultural production and growth of agricultural holdings . Between the 1998 and 2000 agricultural censuses, the number of agricultural holdings fell from one million to 664,000. This fall resulted in a slight increase in the relative concentration of agricultural production, with the smallest holdings decreasing in size and the the largest holdings becoming larger. There are two explanatory variables which today have a greater infl uence on holding size than in the past: the age of the manager of the agricultural holding, with younger managers coming to increasingly larger holdings, and the legal form. One holding in three closed between 1988 and 1997, and these were usually the smallest holdings. These holdings can be divided into two distinct categories: those where the decrease in size signalled their future closure and, conversely, those where the growth coincided with the arrival of a new manager or a period of recovery. For agricultural holdings with young managers, recovery was more frequent than closure, particularly for medium-sized holdings. The starting size has little incidence on the growth of holdings: the concentration of production occurs more due to a rise in economic size thresholds than the cornering of the market by the largest holdings. The slight movement towards concentration observed over the last 15 years is essentially linked to the development of corporate farming, which is better suited to larger holdings than the individual farmer. A projection using the Markov process predicts 473,000 agricultural holdings in 2012. This decrease, much slower than between 1988 and 2000, will be accompanied by a slight increase in the absolute concentration of holdings. [fre] Entre les recensements agricoles de 1988 et de 2000, le nombre d'exploitations est passé de un million à 664 000. Cette diminution s'est traduite par un léger accroissement de la concentration relative de la production, qui recouvre autant une diminution de la taille des plus petites exploitations qu'une augmentation de celle des plus grosses. Deux variables explicatives de la taille exercent une influence nettement plus forte que par le passé sur la dispersion de cette dernière : l'âge du chef d'exploitation, qui reflète notamment l'installation de jeunes sur des exploitations toujours plus grandes, et la forme juridique. Entre 1988 et 1997, une exploitation sur trois a disparu, et ces disparitions concernent principalement les plus petites. Ces dernières peuvent se répartir en deux catégories disjointes : celles dont la diminution de la taille annonce la disparition future, et, à l'opposé, celles dont la croissance coïncide avec une phase d'installation ou de reprise. Chez les jeunes exploitants, les reprises sont plus fréquentes que les disparitions et elles portent principalement sur des exploitations de taille moyenne. La taille initiale intervient peu dans la croissance des exploitations : la concentration de la production s'effectue plus par l'élévation des seuils de dimension économique qu'elle ne traduit un accaparement de la production par les plus grosses unités. Le très faible mouvement de concentration observé au cours des quinze dernières années est essentiellement lié au développement des formes sociétaires, mieux adaptées aux grandes tailles que le statut d'entrepreneur individuel. Une projection assise sur un processus de Markov conduit à 473 000 exploitations agricoles en 2012. Sensiblement moins rapide qu'entre 1988 et 2000, cette diminution s'accompagnerait d'une légère augmentation de la concentration absolue.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Pierre Butault & Nathalie Delame, 2005. "Concentration de la production agricole et croissance des exploitations," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 390(1), pages 47-64.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2005_num_390_1_7164
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2005.7164
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2005.7164
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zepeda, Lydia, 1995. "Technical Change and the Structure of Production: A Non-stationary Markov Analysis," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 22(1), pages 41-60.
    2. Christoph R. Weiss, 1999. "Farm Growth and Survival: Econometric Evidence for Individual Farms in Upper Austria," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 81(1), pages 103-116.
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    2. Madior Fall & Laurent Piet & Muriel Roger, 2010. "Trends in the French commercial farm population," Review of Agricultural and Environmental Studies - Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement, INRA Department of Economics, vol. 91(3), pages 279-295.
    3. Capt, Danièle & Wavresky, Pierre, 2014. "Determinants of direct-to-consumer sales on French farms," Review of Agricultural and Environmental Studies - Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement (RAEStud), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), vol. 95(3).
    4. Laurent, Piet & Legrand D.F. Saint-Cyr, 2016. "Projection de la population des exploitations agricoles françaises à l’horizon 2025," Working Papers SMART 16-11, INRAE UMR SMART.
    5. Magali Aubert & Philippe Perrier‐Cornet, 2009. "Is there a future for small farms in developed countries? Evidence from the French case," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 40(s1), pages 797-806, November.
    6. Piet, Laurent, 2011. "Assessing structural change in agriculture with a parametric Markov chain model. Illustrative applications to EU-15 and the USA," 2011 International Congress, August 30-September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland 114668, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    7. Pauline Lécole, 2015. "Paysage des petites exploitationsagricoles en France:Typologie et analyse statistique," Post-Print hal-01417734, HAL.
    8. Legrand D. F. Saint-Cyr & Laurent Piet, 2017. "Movers and stayers in the farming sector: accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in structural change," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 66(4), pages 777-795, August.
    9. Celine Bignebat & Pierre-Marie Bosc & Philippe Perrier-Cornet, 2015. "A labour-based approach to the analysis of structural transformation: application to French agricultural holdings 2000," Post-Print hal-02744159, HAL.
    10. Marie Dervillé & Gilles Allaire & Élise Maigné & Éric Cahuzac, 2017. "Internal and contextual drivers of dairy restructuring: evidence from French mountainous areas and post†quota prospects," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 48(1), pages 91-103, January.
    11. Martí Cors-Iglesias & Xosé Antón Armesto-López & María Belén Gómez-Martín, 2023. "Agritourism Accommodation and the Revaluation of the Local Agrifood Product in the Context of Global Change," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-19, November.
    12. Barbottin, Aude & Bouty, Clémence & Martin, Philippe, 2018. "Using the French LPIS database to highlight farm area dynamics: The case study of the Niort Plain," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 281-289.

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