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Creating Mutual Gains to Leverage a Racially Diverse Workforce: The Effects of Firm-Level Racial Diversity on Financial and Workforce Outcomes Under the Use of Broad-Based Stock Options

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  • Joo Hun Han

    (School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854)

  • DuckJung Shin

    (Chung-Ang University Business School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea)

  • William G. Castellano,

    (School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854)

  • Alison M. Konrad

    (Ivey Business School, Western University, London, Ontario N6G 0N1, Canada)

  • Douglas L. Kruse

    (School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854)

  • Joseph R. Blasi

    (School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854)

Abstract

Despite substantial scholarly attention to workforce demographic diversity, existing research is limited in understanding whether or in what contexts firm-level racial diversity relates to performance and workforce outcomes of the firm. Drawing on social interdependence theory along with insights from social exchange and psychological ownership theories, we propose that the use of broad-based stock options granted to at least half the workforce creates the conditions supporting a positive relationship between workforce racial diversity and firm outcomes. We examine this proposition by analyzing panel data from 155 companies that applied for the “100 Best Companies to Work For” competition with responses from 109,314 employees over the five-year period from 2006 to 2010 (354 company-year observations). Findings revealed that racial diversity was positively related to subsequent firm financial performance and individual affective commitment and was not significantly associated with subsequent voluntary turnover rates, when accompanied by a firm’s adoption of broad-based stock options. However, under the nonuse of broad-based stock options, racial diversity was significantly related to higher voluntary turnover rates and lower employee affective commitment, with no financial performance gains. By documenting the beneficial effects of financial incentives in diverse workplaces, this paper extends theory asserting the value of incentives for performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Joo Hun Han & DuckJung Shin & William G. Castellano, & Alison M. Konrad & Douglas L. Kruse & Joseph R. Blasi, 2020. "Creating Mutual Gains to Leverage a Racially Diverse Workforce: The Effects of Firm-Level Racial Diversity on Financial and Workforce Outcomes Under the Use of Broad-Based Stock Options," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 31(6), pages 1515-1537, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:ororsc:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1515-1537
    DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2020.1360
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    2. Vlas, Cristina O. & Richard, Orlando C. & Andrevski, Goce & Konrad, Alison M. & Yang, Yang, 2022. "Dynamic capabilities for managing racially diverse workforces: Effects on competitive action variety and firm performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 600-618.

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