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The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Ihtisham

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China)

  • Shiliang Liu

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China)

  • Muhammad Owais Shahid

    (College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Nawab Khan

    (College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China)

  • Bingyang Lv

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China)

  • Mohammad Sarraf

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    Department of Horticulture Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz 71987-74731, Iran)

  • Siyad Ali

    (College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China)

  • Longqing Chen

    (College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    Southwest Engineering Technology and Research Center of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry Administration), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China)

  • Yinggao Liu

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China)

  • Qibing Chen

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China)

Abstract

Bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) turf is the most widely used turfgrass in urban landscapes. Large amounts of fertilizer are usually applied for maximum turf performance, while relatively little attention has been paid to efficient nutrient management of bermudagrass turf. The design opted for was a 3-factor and 5-level Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) consisting of 24 experimental runs in the greenhouse with response surface methodology (RSM) and simulated regression modeling. The experiment covered in this study was carried out at Sichuan Agricultural University with the objectives of understanding the interactive effects of nitrogen, (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization on the bermudagrass integrated turf performance (ITP) and optimizing the amount of N, P, and K required for optimum turf performance during establishment. The qualitative and quantitative relationships between bermudagrass and fertilization significantly affected the ITP. The N, P, and K Fertilization significantly influenced the percent grass cover, turf height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and total chlorophyll content. Fertilization with N and P significantly enhanced the tiller length, turf density, color, and total protein levels. Root length was augmented with the application of P and K. We found that 3-D surface plots indicated significant interactive effects of NP, NK, and PK on the ITP. A simulation optimization and frequency analysis indicated that the optimal combined amounts of these nutrients were N: 26.0–27.6 g m −2 , P: 24.2–26.4 g m −2 , and K: 3.1–5.0 g m −2 during the establishment phase. The results suggest that optimized fertilization is key to sustainable nutrient management of bermudagrass integrated turf performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Ihtisham & Shiliang Liu & Muhammad Owais Shahid & Nawab Khan & Bingyang Lv & Mohammad Sarraf & Siyad Ali & Longqing Chen & Yinggao Liu & Qibing Chen, 2020. "The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-16, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:24:p:10294-:d:459485
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jack P. C. Kleijnen, 2015. "Response Surface Methodology," International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, in: Michael C Fu (ed.), Handbook of Simulation Optimization, edition 127, chapter 0, pages 81-104, Springer.
    2. Sana Ullah & Lijun Liu & Sumera Anwar & Xu Tuo & Shahbaz Khan & Bo Wang & Dingxiang Peng, 2016. "Effects of Fertilization on Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea L.) Growth, Yield and Fiber Quality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-8, September.
    3. Kathrin Specht & Rosemarie Siebert & Ina Hartmann & Ulf Freisinger & Magdalena Sawicka & Armin Werner & Susanne Thomaier & Dietrich Henckel & Heike Walk & Axel Dierich, 2014. "Urban agriculture of the future: an overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 31(1), pages 33-51, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Cited by:

    1. Nawab Khan & Ram L. Ray & Ghulam Raza Sargani & Muhammad Ihtisham & Muhammad Khayyam & Sohaib Ismail, 2021. "Current Progress and Future Prospects of Agriculture Technology: Gateway to Sustainable Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-31, April.
    2. Nawab Khan & Ram L. Ray & Hazem S. Kassem & Muhammad Ihtisham & Badar Naseem Siddiqui & Shemei Zhang, 2022. "Can Cooperative Supports and Adoption of Improved Technologies Help Increase Agricultural Income? Evidence from a Recent Study," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Nawab Khan & Ram L. Ray & Hazem S. Kassem & Sajjad Hussain & Shemei Zhang & Muhammad Khayyam & Muhammad Ihtisham & Simplice A. Asongu, 2021. "Potential Role of Technology Innovation in Transformation of Sustainable Food Systems: A Review," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-20, October.

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