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Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, Validity, and Reliability

Author

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  • Wilmar B. Schaufeli

    (Research Group Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology (WOPP), O2L, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
    Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Steffie Desart

    (Research Group Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology (WOPP), O2L, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium)

  • Hans De Witte

    (Research Group Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology (WOPP), O2L, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
    Optentia Research Focus Area, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa)

Abstract

This paper introduces a new definition for burnout and investigates the psychometric properties of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). In a prior qualitative study, 49 practitioners were interviewed about their conceptualization of burnout (part 1). Using a dialectical approach, four core dimensions—exhaustion, mental distance, and impaired emotional and cognitive impairment—and three secondary dimensions—depressed mood, psychological distress, and psychosomatic complaints—emerged, which constitute the basis of the BAT. In the second study, the psychometric characteristics of the BAT were investigated in a representative sample of 1500 Flemish employees, focusing on factorial validity, reliability, and construct validity, respectively. Results demonstrate the assumed four-factor structure for the core dimensions, which is best represented by one general burnout factor. Contrary to expectations, instead of a three-factor structure, a two-factor structure was found for the secondary dimensions. Furthermore, the BAT and its subscales show adequate reliability. Convergent validity and discriminant validity with other burnout measures—including the MBI and OLBI—was demonstrated, as well as discriminant validity with other well-being constructs, such as work engagement and workaholism.

Suggested Citation

  • Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Steffie Desart & Hans De Witte, 2020. "Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, Validity, and Reliability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-21, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:24:p:9495-:d:464337
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Leon T. de Beer & Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Hans De Witte & Jari J. Hakanen & Akihito Shimazu & Jürgen Glaser & Christian Seubert & Janine Bosak & Jorge Sinval & Maksim Rudnev, 2020. "Measurement Invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Across Seven Cross-National Representative Samples," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-14, August.
    2. Benjamin Saunders & Julius Sim & Tom Kingstone & Shula Baker & Jackie Waterfield & Bernadette Bartlam & Heather Burroughs & Clare Jinks, 2018. "Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 52(4), pages 1893-1907, July.
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    1. Jaana-Piia Mäkiniemi & Atte Oksanen & Anne Mäkikangas, 2021. "Loneliness and Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Roles of Personal, Social and Organizational Resources on Perceived Stress and Exhaustion among Finnish University Employees," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-15, July.
    2. Leon T. de Beer, 2021. "Is There Utility in Specifying Professional Efficacy as an Outcome of Burnout in the Employee Health Impairment Process," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-9, June.
    3. Sonia Nawrocka & Hans De Witte & Margherita Brondino & Margherita Pasini, 2021. "On the Reciprocal Relationship between Quantitative and Qualitative Job Insecurity and Outcomes. Testing a Cross-Lagged Longitudinal Mediation Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-28, June.
    4. Irina Nikolova & Marjolein C. J. Caniëls & Wilmar Schaufeli & Judith H. Semeijn, 2021. "Disengaging Leadership Scale (DLS): Evidence of Initial Validity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-19, March.
    5. Akiomi Inoue & Hisashi Eguchi & Yuko Kachi & Sarven S. McLinton & Maureen F. Dollard & Akizumi Tsutsumi, 2021. "Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the 12-Item Psychosocial Safety Climate Scale (PSC-12J)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-14, December.
    6. Andrea M. Vinueza-Solórzano & Cecilia Alexandra Portalanza-Chavarría & Clarissa P. P. de Freitas & Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Hans De Witte & Claudio S. Hutz & Ana Claudia Souza Vazquez, 2021. "The Ecuadorian Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): Adaptation and Validation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-15, July.
    7. Fabienne Aust & Theresa Beneke & Corinna Peifer & Magdalena Wekenborg, 2022. "The Relationship between Flow Experience and Burnout Symptoms: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-30, March.
    8. Katarzyna Tomaszek & Agnieszka Muchacka-Cymerman, 2021. "Be Aware of Burnout! The Role of Changes in Academic Burnout in Problematic Facebook Usage among University Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-16, July.
    9. Jorge Sinval & Ana Claudia S. Vazquez & Claudio Simon Hutz & Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Sílvia Silva, 2022. "Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): Validity Evidence from Brazil and Portugal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-25, January.
    10. Siw Tone Innstrand, 2022. "Burnout among Health Care Professionals during COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-13, September.
    11. Chiara Consiglio & Greta Mazzetti & Wilmar B. Schaufeli, 2021. "Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-21, September.
    12. Frank van den Boogert & Pascalle Spaan & Bram Sizoo & Yvonne H. A. Bouman & Witte J. G. Hoogendijk & Sabine J. Roza, 2022. "Sensory Processing, Perceived Stress and Burnout Symptoms in a Working Population during the COVID-19 Crisis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-11, February.
    13. Anne Armant & Florian Ollierou & Jules Gauvin & Christine Jeoffrion & Baptiste Cougot & Mathias Waelli & Leila Moret & Kristina Beauvivre & Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi & Gilles Berrut & Dominique Tripodi, 2021. "Psychosocial and Organizational Processes and Determinants of Health Care Workers’ (HCW) Health at Work in French Public EHPAD (Assisted Living Residences): A Qualitative Approach Using Grounded Theor," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-23, July.
    14. Shu Da & Silje Fossum Fladmark & Irina Wara & Marit Christensen & Siw Tone Innstrand, 2022. "To Change or Not to Change: A Study of Workplace Change during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-15, February.
    15. Agathe Nguyen Huynh & Christine Besse & Zakia Mediouni & Emna El May & Yara Shoman & Isabelle Hansez & Irina Guseva Canu, 2021. "Diagnostic Performances of an Occupational Burnout Detection Method Designed for Healthcare Professionals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-10, November.
    16. Justyna Dobroszek & Przemyslaw Kabalski & Aleksandra Baszczynska, 2023. "The Turnover Intention οf Supply Chain Managers Because οf Burnout: Reality οr Abstraction?," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(2), pages 85-105.
    17. Céline Leclercq & Lutgart Braeckman & Pierre Firket & Audrey Babic & Isabelle Hansez, 2021. "Interest of a Joint Use of Two Diagnostic Tools of Burnout: Comparison between the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and the Early Detection Tool of Burnout Completed by Physicians," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-19, October.
    18. Leon T. de Beer & Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Hans De Witte & Jari J. Hakanen & Akihito Shimazu & Jürgen Glaser & Christian Seubert & Janine Bosak & Jorge Sinval & Maksim Rudnev, 2020. "Measurement Invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Across Seven Cross-National Representative Samples," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-14, August.

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