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Measurement Invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Across Seven Cross-National Representative Samples

Author

Listed:
  • Leon T. de Beer

    (WorkWell Research Unit, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa)

  • Wilmar B. Schaufeli

    (Research Unit Occupational & Organizational Psychology and Professional Learning KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
    Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Hans De Witte

    (Research Unit Occupational & Organizational Psychology and Professional Learning KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
    Optentia Research Focus Area, Vanderbijlpark Campus, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa)

  • Jari J. Hakanen

    (Workability and Work Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland)

  • Akihito Shimazu

    (Department of Policy Management, Keio University, Fujisawa 252-0882, Japan)

  • Jürgen Glaser

    (Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria)

  • Christian Seubert

    (Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria)

  • Janine Bosak

    (Business School, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland)

  • Jorge Sinval

    (Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
    William James Center for Research, ISPA, Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
    Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Maksim Rudnev

    (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 101000, Russia)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the measurement invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) across seven cross-national representative samples. In this study, burnout was modeled as a second-order factor in line with the conceptual definition as a syndrome. The combined sample consisted of 10,138 participants from countries in Europe and Japan. The data were treated as ordered categorical in nature and a series of models were tested to find evidence for invariance. Specifically, theta parameterization was used in conjunction with the weighted least squares (mean- and variance adjusted) estimation method. The results showed supportive evidence that BAT-assessed burnout was invariant across the samples, so that cross-country comparison would be justifiable. Comparison of effect sizes of the latent means between countries showed that Japan had a significantly higher score on overall burnout and all the first-order factors compared to the European countries. The European countries all scored similarly on overall burnout with no significant difference but for some minor differences in first-order factors between some of the European countries. All in all, the analyses of the data provided evidence that the BAT is invariant across the countries for meaningful comparisons of burnout scores.

Suggested Citation

  • Leon T. de Beer & Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Hans De Witte & Jari J. Hakanen & Akihito Shimazu & Jürgen Glaser & Christian Seubert & Janine Bosak & Jorge Sinval & Maksim Rudnev, 2020. "Measurement Invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Across Seven Cross-National Representative Samples," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-14, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:15:p:5604-:d:394020
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Aboagye, Michael Osei & Qin, Jinliang & Qayyum, Abdul & Antwi, Collins Opoku & Jababu, Yasin & Affum-Osei, Emmanuel, 2018. "Teacher burnout in pre-schools: A cross-cultural factorial validity, measurement invariance and latent mean comparison of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Educators Survey (MBI-ES)," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 186-197.
    2. Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Steffie Desart & Hans De Witte, 2020. "Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, Validity, and Reliability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-21, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Leon T. de Beer, 2021. "Is There Utility in Specifying Professional Efficacy as an Outcome of Burnout in the Employee Health Impairment Process," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-9, June.
    2. Henrique Pereira & Gergely Fehér & Antal Tibold & Samuel Monteiro & Vítor Costa & Graça Esgalhado, 2021. "The Impact of Shift Work on Occupational Health Indicators among Professionally Active Adults: A Comparative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-10, October.
    3. Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Steffie Desart & Hans De Witte, 2020. "Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, Validity, and Reliability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-21, December.
    4. Andrea M. Vinueza-Solórzano & Cecilia Alexandra Portalanza-Chavarría & Clarissa P. P. de Freitas & Wilmar B. Schaufeli & Hans De Witte & Claudio S. Hutz & Ana Claudia Souza Vazquez, 2021. "The Ecuadorian Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): Adaptation and Validation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-15, July.
    5. Greta Mazzetti & Chiara Consiglio & Ferdinando Paolo Santarpia & Laura Borgogni & Dina Guglielmi & Wilmar B. Schaufeli, 2022. "Italian Validation of the 12-Item Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-12)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-16, July.
    6. Ylse van Dijk & Sarah I. M. Janus & Michiel R. de Boer & Wilco P. Achterberg & Corne A. M. Roelen & Sytse U. Zuidema, 2022. "Job Demands, Work Functioning and Mental Health in Dutch Nursing Home Staff during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Multilevel Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-12, April.
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    8. Chiara Consiglio & Greta Mazzetti & Wilmar B. Schaufeli, 2021. "Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-21, September.
    9. Haar, Jarrod & O'Kane, Conor, 2022. "A post-lockdown study of burnout risk amongst New Zealand essential workers," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 306(C).
    10. Shu Da & Silje Fossum Fladmark & Irina Wara & Marit Christensen & Siw Tone Innstrand, 2022. "To Change or Not to Change: A Study of Workplace Change during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-15, February.
    11. George S. Androulakis & Dimitra Ap. Georgiou & Olga Lainidi & Anthony Montgomery & Wilmar B. Schaufeli, 2023. "The Greek Burnout Assessment Tool: Examining Its Adaptation and Validity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-11, May.

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