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Review on Braking Energy Management in Electric Vehicles

Author

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  • Valery Vodovozov

    (Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia)

  • Zoja Raud

    (Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia)

  • Eduard Petlenkov

    (Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia)

Abstract

The adoption of electric vehicles promises numerous benefits for modern society. At the same time, there remain significant hurdles to their wide distribution, primarily related to battery-based energy sources. This review concerns the systematization of knowledge in one of the areas of the electric vehicle control, namely, the energy management issues when using braking controllers. The braking process optimization is summarized from two aspects. First, the advantageous solutions are presented that were identified in the field of gradual and urgent braking. Second, several findings discovered in adjacent fields of automation are debated as prospects for their possible application in braking control. Following the specific classification of braking methods, a generalized braking system composition is offered, and all publications are evaluated primarily in terms of their energy recovery abilities as a global target. Then, conventional and intelligent classes of braking controllers are compared. In the first category, classic PID, threshold, and sliding-mode controllers are reviewed in terms of their energy management restrictions. The second group relates to the issues of the tire friction-slip identification and braking torque allocation between the hydraulic and electrical brakes. From this perspective, several intelligent systems are analyzed in detail, especially fuzzy logic, neural network, and their numerous associations.

Suggested Citation

  • Valery Vodovozov & Zoja Raud & Eduard Petlenkov, 2021. "Review on Braking Energy Management in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-26, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:15:p:4477-:d:600645
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Gianfranco Rizzo & Francesco Antonio Tiano & Valerio Mariani & Matteo Marino, 2021. "Optimal Modulation of Regenerative Braking in Through-The-Road Hybridized Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-15, October.
    3. Giulia Sandrini & Daniel Chindamo & Marco Gadola, 2022. "Regenerative Braking Logic That Maximizes Energy Recovery Ensuring the Vehicle Stability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-43, August.
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    5. Yang, Chao & Sun, Tonglin & Wang, Weida & Li, Ying & Zhang, Yuhang & Zha, Mingjun, 2024. "Regenerative braking system development and perspectives for electric vehicles: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    6. Jacek Caban & Jan Vrabel & Dorota Górnicka & Radosław Nowak & Maciej Jankiewicz & Jonas Matijošius & Marek Palka, 2023. "Overview of Energy Harvesting Technologies Used in Road Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-32, April.
    7. Deping Wang & Changyang Guan & Junnian Wang & Haisheng Wang & Zhenhao Zhang & Dachang Guo & Fang Yang, 2023. "Review of Energy-Saving Technologies for Electric Vehicles, from the Perspective of Driving Energy Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-17, May.
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