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Leaching of Chlorides, Sulphates, and Phosphates from Ashes Formed as a Result of Burning Conventional Fuels, Alternative Fuels, and Municipal Waste in Household Furnaces

Author

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  • Alicja Kicińska

    (Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Caba

    (MPO Department of Bulky Waste and Additional Services, Municipal Department of Sanitation Ltd., Nowohucka 1, 31-580 Kraków, Poland)

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess leaching of Cl − , SO 4 2− , and PO 4 3− from ashes formed in household furnaces. The ashes were obtained following the combustion of conventional fuels, namely wood and hard coal, and alternative fuels with various fractions of municipal waste in a household boiler. Aqueous leachates of the ashes were used to determine concentrations of chlorides by titration (Mohr’s method) (21.3–3049.6 mg/dm 3 ), sulphates by the gravimetric method (12.2–244.1 mg/dm 3 ), and phosphates by spectrophotometry (0.01–67.2 mg/dm 3 ). It was found that co-combustion of municipal waste with plastic-coated paper cartons, diapers, or a mixed waste fraction leaves the greatest amount of ashes on the furnace grate. The highest amounts of Cl − , SO 4 2− , and PO 4 3− were leached from ashes generated from burning a mix of wood and coals, or wood alone (different species). The addition of municipal waste to the process of burning the conventional and alternative fuels studied did not significantly increase Cl − , SO 4 2− , and PO 4 3− content in aqueous extracts of ashes, the exception being diapers and plywood. In light of the study results, it was concluded that all the ashes could be reused (as an additive to concrete) except for the ash generated from the combustion of a mixed municipal waste fraction and coal (due to the content of Cl − ) and diapers (due to the content of PO 4 3− ). It was demonstrated that Cl − , SO 4 2− , and PO 4 3− content in the entire set of samples and in individual ash groups is highly heterogeneous and variable.

Suggested Citation

  • Alicja Kicińska & Grzegorz Caba, 2021. "Leaching of Chlorides, Sulphates, and Phosphates from Ashes Formed as a Result of Burning Conventional Fuels, Alternative Fuels, and Municipal Waste in Household Furnaces," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:13:p:3936-:d:586310
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hans Bachmaier & Daniel Kuptz & Hans Hartmann, 2021. "Wood Ashes from Grate-Fired Heat and Power Plants: Evaluation of Nutrient and Heavy Metal Contents," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-18, May.
    2. Altaf Hussain Kanhar & Shaoqing Chen & Fei Wang, 2020. "Incineration Fly Ash and Its Treatment to Possible Utilization: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-35, December.
    3. Jorge Suárez-Macías & Juan María Terrones-Saeta & Francisco Javier Iglesias-Godino & Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias, 2021. "Evaluation of Physical, Chemical, and Environmental Properties of Biomass Bottom Ash for Use as a Filler in Bituminous Mixtures," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-15, April.
    4. Esperanza Monedero & Juan José Hernández & Rocío Collado, 2017. "Combustion-Related Properties of Poplar, Willow and Black Locust to be used as Fuels in Power Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-11, July.
    5. Link, Siim & Yrjas, Patrik & Hupa, Leena, 2018. "Ash melting behaviour of wheat straw blends with wood and reed," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 11-20.
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    1. Alicja Kicińska & Grzegorz Caba & Hubert Serwatka, 2022. "Ecological Risk Assessment Related to the Presence and Toxicity of Potentially Toxic Elements in Ashes from Household Furnaces," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Małgorzata Kajda-Szcześniak & Monika Czop, 2022. "Comparison of Pyrolysis and Combustion Processes of Vinyl Floor Panels Using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG-FTIR) in Terms of the Circular Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.

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